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    </style></head><body><div class="navheader"><table width="100%" summary="Navigation header"><tr><th colspan="3" align="center">Chapter 5. Mutt's MIME Support</th></tr><tr><td width="20%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="advancedusage.html">Prev</a> </td><th width="60%" align="center"> </th><td width="20%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="optionalfeatures.html">Next</a></td></tr></table><hr /></div><div class="chapter"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h1 class="title"><a id="mimesupport"></a>Chapter 5. Mutt's MIME Support</h1></div></div></div><div class="toc"><p><strong>Table of Contents</strong></p><dl class="toc"><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="mimesupport.html#using-mime">1. Using MIME in Mutt</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="mimesupport.html#mime-overview">1.1. MIME Overview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="mimesupport.html#mime-pager">1.2. Viewing MIME Messages in the Pager</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="mimesupport.html#attach-menu">1.3. The Attachment Menu</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="mimesupport.html#compose-menu">1.4. The Compose Menu</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="mimesupport.html#mime-types">2. MIME Type Configuration with <code class="literal">mime.types</code></a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="mimesupport.html#mailcap">3. MIME Viewer Configuration with Mailcap</a></span></dt><dd><dl><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="mimesupport.html#mailcap-basics">3.1. The Basics of the Mailcap File</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="mimesupport.html#secure-mailcap">3.2. Secure Use of Mailcap</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="mimesupport.html#advanced-mailcap">3.3. Advanced Mailcap Usage</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect2"><a href="mimesupport.html#mailcap-example">3.4. Example Mailcap Files</a></span></dt></dl></dd><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="mimesupport.html#auto-view">4. MIME Autoview</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="mimesupport.html#alternative-order">5. MIME Multipart/Alternative</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="mimesupport.html#attachments">6. Attachment Searching and Counting</a></span></dt><dt><span class="sect1"><a href="mimesupport.html#mime-lookup">7. MIME Lookup</a></span></dt></dl></div><p>
Quite a bit of effort has been made to make Mutt the premier text-mode
MIME MUA.  Every effort has been made to provide the functionality that
the discerning MIME user requires, and the conformance to the standards
wherever possible.  When configuring Mutt for MIME, there are two extra
types of configuration files which Mutt uses.  One is the
<code class="literal">mime.types</code> file, which contains the mapping of file
extensions to IANA MIME types.  The other is the
<code class="literal">mailcap</code> file, which specifies the external commands
to use for handling specific MIME types.
</p><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="using-mime"></a>1. Using MIME in Mutt</h2></div></div></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="mime-overview"></a>1.1. MIME Overview</h3></div></div></div><p>
MIME is short for <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">Multipurpose Internet Mail Extension</span>”</span>
and describes mechanisms to internationalize and structure mail
messages. Before the introduction of MIME, messages had a single text
part and were limited to us-ascii header and content. With MIME,
messages can have attachments (and even attachments which itself have
attachments and thus form a tree structure), nearly arbitrary characters
can be used for sender names, recipients and subjects.
</p><p>
Besides the handling of non-ascii characters in message headers, to Mutt
the most important aspect of MIME are so-called MIME types. These are
constructed using a <span class="emphasis"><em>major</em></span> and
<span class="emphasis"><em>minor</em></span> type separated by a forward slash.  These
specify details about the content that follows. Based upon these, Mutt
decides how to handle this part. The most popular major type is
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">text</code></span>”</span> with minor types for plain text,
HTML and various other formats. Major types also exist for images,
audio, video and of course general application data (e.g. to separate
cryptographically signed data with a signature, send office documents,
and in general arbitrary binary data). There's also the
<code class="literal">multipart</code> major type which represents the root of a
subtree of MIME parts. A list of supported MIME types can be found in
<a class="xref" href="mimesupport.html#supported-mime-types" title="Table 5.1. Supported MIME types">Table 5.1, “Supported MIME types”</a>.
</p><p>
MIME also defines a set of encoding schemes for transporting MIME
content over the network: <code class="literal">7bit</code>,
<code class="literal">8bit</code>, <code class="literal">quoted-printable</code>,
<code class="literal">base64</code> and <code class="literal">binary</code>. There're some
rules when to choose what for encoding headers and/or body (if needed),
and Mutt will in general make a good choice.
</p><p>
Mutt does most of MIME encoding/decoding behind the scenes to form
messages conforming to MIME on the sending side. On reception, it can be
flexibly configured as to how what MIME structure is displayed (and if
it's displayed): these decisions are based on the content's MIME type.
There are three areas/menus in dealing with MIME: the pager (while
viewing a message), the attachment menu and the compose menu.
</p></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="mime-pager"></a>1.2. Viewing MIME Messages in the Pager</h3></div></div></div><p>
When you select a message from the index and view it in the pager, Mutt
decodes as much of a message as possible to a text representation.  Mutt
internally supports a number of MIME types, including the
<code class="literal">text</code> major type (with all minor types), the
<code class="literal">message/rfc822</code> (mail messages) type and some
<code class="literal">multipart</code> types. In addition, it recognizes a variety
of PGP MIME types, including PGP/MIME and
<code class="literal">application/pgp</code>.
</p><p>
Mutt will denote attachments with a couple lines describing them.
These lines are of the form:
</p><pre class="screen">
[-- Attachment #1: Description --]
[-- Type: text/plain, Encoding: 7bit, Size: 10000 --]
</pre><p>
Where the <span class="emphasis"><em>Description</em></span> is the description or
filename given for the attachment, and the <span class="emphasis"><em>Encoding</em></span>
is one of the already mentioned content encodings.
</p><p>
If Mutt cannot deal with a MIME type, it will display a message like:
</p><pre class="screen">
[-- image/gif is unsupported (use 'v' to view this part) --]
</pre></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="attach-menu"></a>1.3. The Attachment Menu</h3></div></div></div><p>
The default binding for <code class="literal">&lt;view-attachments&gt;</code> is
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">v</span>”</span>, which displays the attachment menu for a message.  The
attachment menu displays a list of the attachments in a message.  From
the attachment menu, you can save, print, pipe, delete, and view
attachments.  You can apply these operations to a group of attachments
at once, by tagging the attachments and by using the
<code class="literal">&lt;tag-prefix&gt;</code> operator.  You can also reply to
the current message from this menu, and only the current attachment (or
the attachments tagged) will be quoted in your reply.  You can view
attachments as text, or view them using the mailcap viewer definition
(the mailcap mechanism is explained later in detail).
</p><p>
Finally, you can apply the usual message-related functions (like <a class="link" href="gettingstarted.html#resend-message"><code class="literal">&lt;resend-message&gt;</code></a>,
and the <code class="literal">&lt;reply&gt;</code> and
<code class="literal">&lt;forward&gt;</code> functions) to attachments of type
<code class="literal">message/rfc822</code>.
</p><p>
See table <a class="xref" href="reference.html#tab-attachment-bindings" title="Table 9.7. Default Attachment Menu Bindings">Table 9.7, “Default Attachment Menu Bindings”</a> for all available
functions.
</p></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="compose-menu"></a>1.4. The Compose Menu</h3></div></div></div><p>
The compose menu is the menu you see before you send a message.  It
allows you to edit the recipient list, the subject, and other aspects of
your message.  It also contains a list of the attachments of your
message, including the main body.  From this menu, you can print, copy,
filter, pipe, edit, compose, review, and rename an attachment or a list
of tagged attachments.  You can also modifying the attachment
information, notably the type, encoding and description.
</p><p>
Attachments appear as follows by default:
</p><pre class="screen">
- 1 [text/plain, 7bit, 1K]           /tmp/mutt-euler-8082-0 &lt;no description&gt;
  2 [applica/x-gunzip, base64, 422K] ~/src/mutt-0.85.tar.gz &lt;no description&gt;
</pre><p>
The <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">-</span>”</span> denotes that Mutt will delete the file after
sending (or postponing, or canceling) the message.  It can be toggled
with the <code class="literal">&lt;toggle-unlink&gt;</code> command (default: u).
The next field is the MIME content-type, and can be changed with the
<code class="literal">&lt;edit-type&gt;</code> command (default: ^T).  The next
field is the encoding for the attachment, which allows a binary message
to be encoded for transmission on 7bit links.  It can be changed with
the <code class="literal">&lt;edit-encoding&gt;</code> command (default: ^E).  The
next field is the size of the attachment, rounded to kilobytes or
megabytes.  The next field is the filename, which can be changed with
the <code class="literal">&lt;rename-file&gt;</code> command (default: R).  The
final field is the description of the attachment, and can be changed
with the <code class="literal">&lt;edit-description&gt;</code> command (default:
d). See <a class="link" href="reference.html#attach-format" title="3.13. attach_format">$attach_format</a> for a full
list of available expandos to format this display to your needs.
</p></div></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="mime-types"></a>2. MIME Type Configuration with <code class="literal">mime.types</code></h2></div></div></div><p>
To get most out of MIME, it's important that a MIME part's content type
matches the content as closely as possible so that the recipient's
client can automatically select the right viewer for the
content. However, there's no reliable for Mutt to know how to detect
every possible file type. Instead, it uses a simple plain text mapping
file that specifies what file extension corresponds to what MIME
type. This file is called <code class="literal">mime.types</code>.
</p><p>
When you add an attachment to your mail message, Mutt searches your
personal <code class="literal">mime.types</code> file at
<code class="literal">$HOME/.mime.types</code>, and then the system
<code class="literal">mime.types</code> file at
<code class="literal">/usr/local/share/mutt/mime.types</code> or
<code class="literal">/etc/mime.types</code>
</p><p>
Each line starts with the full MIME type, followed by a space and
space-separated list of file extensions. For example you could use:
</p><div class="example"><a id="ex-mime-types"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 5.1. <code class="literal">mime.types</code></strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen">
application/postscript          ps eps
application/pgp                 pgp
audio/x-aiff                    aif aifc aiff
</pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p>
A sample <code class="literal">mime.types</code> file comes with the Mutt
distribution, and should contain most of the MIME types you are likely
to use.
</p><p>
If Mutt can not determine the MIME type by the extension of the file you
attach, it will look at the file.  If the file is free of binary
information, Mutt will assume that the file is plain text, and mark it
as <code class="literal">text/plain</code>.  If the file contains binary
information, then Mutt will mark it as
<code class="literal">application/octet-stream</code>.  You can change the MIME
type that Mutt assigns to an attachment by using the
<code class="literal">&lt;edit-type&gt;</code> command from the compose menu
(default: ^T), see <a class="xref" href="mimesupport.html#supported-mime-types" title="Table 5.1. Supported MIME types">Table 5.1, “Supported MIME types”</a> for supported
major types. Mutt recognizes all of these if the appropriate entry is
found in the <code class="literal">mime.types</code> file. Non-recognized mime
types should only be used if the recipient of the message is likely to
be expecting such attachments.
</p><div class="table"><a id="supported-mime-types"></a><p class="title"><strong>Table 5.1. Supported MIME types</strong></p><div class="table-contents"><table summary="Supported MIME types" border="1"><colgroup><col /><col /><col /></colgroup><thead><tr><th>MIME major type</th><th>Standard</th><th>Description</th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><td><code class="literal">application</code></td><td>yes</td><td>General application data</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">audio</code></td><td>yes</td><td>Audio data</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">image</code></td><td>yes</td><td>Image data</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">message</code></td><td>yes</td><td>Mail messages, message status information</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">model</code></td><td>yes</td><td>VRML and other modeling data</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">multipart</code></td><td>yes</td><td>Container for other MIME parts</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">text</code></td><td>yes</td><td>Text data</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">video</code></td><td>yes</td><td>Video data</td></tr><tr><td><code class="literal">chemical</code></td><td>no</td><td>Mostly molecular data</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><br class="table-break" /><p>
MIME types are not arbitrary, they need to be assigned by <a class="ulink" href="http://www.iana.org/assignments/media-types/" target="_top">IANA</a>.
</p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="mailcap"></a>3. MIME Viewer Configuration with Mailcap</h2></div></div></div><p>
Mutt supports RFC 1524 MIME Configuration, in particular the Unix
specific format specified in Appendix A of RFC 1524.  This file format
is commonly referred to as the <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">mailcap</span>”</span> format.  Many MIME
compliant programs utilize the mailcap format, allowing you to specify
handling for all MIME types in one place for all programs.  Programs
known to use this format include Firefox, lynx and metamail.
</p><p>
In order to handle various MIME types that Mutt doesn't have built-in
support for, it parses a series of external configuration files to find
an external handler. The default search string for these files is a
colon delimited list containing the following files:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">$HOME/.mailcap</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">$PKGDATADIR/mailcap</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">$SYSCONFDIR/mailcap</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">/etc/mailcap</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">/usr/etc/mailcap</code></p></li><li class="listitem"><p><code class="literal">/usr/local/etc/mailcap</code></p></li></ol></div><p>
where <code class="literal">$HOME</code> is your home directory. The
<code class="literal">$PKGDATADIR</code> and the <code class="literal">$SYSCONFDIR</code>
directories depend on where Mutt is installed: the former is the default
for shared data, the latter for system configuration files.
</p><p>
The default search path can be obtained by running the following
command:
</p><pre class="screen">
mutt -nF /dev/null -Q mailcap_path
</pre><p>
In particular, the metamail distribution will install a mailcap file,
usually as <code class="literal">/usr/local/etc/mailcap</code>, which contains
some baseline entries.
</p><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="mailcap-basics"></a>3.1. The Basics of the Mailcap File</h3></div></div></div><p>
A mailcap file consists of a series of lines which are comments, blank,
or definitions.
</p><p>
A comment line consists of a # character followed by anything you want.
</p><p>
A blank line is blank.
</p><p>
A definition line consists of a content type, a view command, and any
number of optional fields.  Each field of a definition line is divided
by a semicolon <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">;</span>”</span> character.
</p><p>
The content type is specified in the MIME standard
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">type/subtype</span>”</span> notation.  For example,
<code class="literal">text/plain</code>, <code class="literal">text/html</code>,
<code class="literal">image/gif</code>, etc.  In addition, the mailcap format
includes two formats for wildcards, one using the special
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">*</span>”</span> subtype, the other is the implicit wild, where you only
include the major type.  For example, <code class="literal">image/*</code>, or
<code class="literal">video</code> will match all image types and video types,
respectively.
</p><p>
The view command is a Unix command for viewing the type specified. There
are two different types of commands supported. The default is to send
the body of the MIME message to the command on stdin. You can change
this behavior by using <code class="literal">%s</code> as a parameter to your view
command.  This will cause Mutt to save the body of the MIME message to a
temporary file, and then call the view command with the
<code class="literal">%s</code> replaced by the name of the temporary file. In
both cases, Mutt will turn over the terminal to the view program until
the program quits, at which time Mutt will remove the temporary file if
it exists. This means that mailcap does <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> work
out of the box with programs which detach themselves from the terminal
right after starting, like <code class="literal">open</code> on Mac OS X. In order
to nevertheless use these programs with mailcap, you probably need
custom shell scripts.
</p><p>
So, in the simplest form, you can send a <code class="literal">text/plain</code>
message to the external pager more on standard input:
</p><pre class="screen">
text/plain; more
</pre><p>
Or, you could send the message as a file:
</p><pre class="screen">
text/plain; more %s
</pre><p>
Perhaps you would like to use lynx to interactively view a
<code class="literal">text/html</code> message:
</p><pre class="screen">
text/html; lynx %s
</pre><p>
In this case, lynx does not support viewing a file from standard input,
so you must use the <code class="literal">%s</code> syntax.
</p><div class="note"><h3 class="title">Note</h3><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Some older versions of lynx contain a bug where they will
check the mailcap file for a viewer for <code class="literal">text/html</code>.
They will find the line which calls lynx, and run it.  This causes lynx
to continuously spawn itself to view the object.</em></span>
</p></div><p>
On the other hand, maybe you don't want to use lynx interactively, you
just want to have it convert the <code class="literal">text/html</code> to
<code class="literal">text/plain</code>, then you can use:
</p><pre class="screen">
text/html; lynx -dump %s | more
</pre><p>
Perhaps you wish to use lynx to view <code class="literal">text/html</code> files,
and a pager on all other text formats, then you would use the following:
</p><pre class="screen">
text/html; lynx %s
text/*; more
</pre></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="secure-mailcap"></a>3.2. Secure Use of Mailcap</h3></div></div></div><p>
The interpretation of shell meta-characters embedded in MIME parameters
can lead to security problems in general.  Mutt tries to quote
parameters in expansion of <code class="literal">%s</code> syntaxes properly, and
avoids risky characters by substituting them, see the <a class="link" href="reference.html#mailcap-sanitize" title="3.118. mailcap_sanitize">$mailcap_sanitize</a> variable.
</p><p>
Although Mutt's procedures to invoke programs with mailcap seem to be
safe, there are other applications parsing mailcap, maybe taking less
care of it.  Therefore you should pay attention to the following rules:
</p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>Keep the %-expandos away from shell quoting.</em></span> Don't
quote them with single or double quotes.  Mutt does this for you, the
right way, as should any other program which interprets mailcap.  Don't
put them into backtick expansions.  Be highly careful with evil
statements, and avoid them if possible at all.  Trying to fix broken
behavior with quotes introduces new leaks — there is no
alternative to correct quoting in the first place.
</p><p>
If you have to use the %-expandos' values in context where you need
quoting or backtick expansions, put that value into a shell variable and
reference the shell variable where necessary, as in the following
example (using <code class="literal">$charset</code> inside the backtick expansion
is safe, since it is not itself subject to any further expansion):
</p><pre class="screen">
text/test-mailcap-bug; cat %s; copiousoutput; test=charset=%{charset} \
        &amp;&amp; test "`echo $charset | tr '[A-Z]' '[a-z]'`" != iso-8859-1
</pre></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="advanced-mailcap"></a>3.3. Advanced Mailcap Usage</h3></div></div></div><div class="sect3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="optional-mailcap-fields"></a>3.3.1. Optional Fields</h4></div></div></div><p>
In addition to the required content-type and view command fields, you
can add semi-colon <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">;</span>”</span> separated fields to set flags and
other options.  Mutt recognizes the following optional fields:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term">copiousoutput</span></dt><dd><p>
This flag tells Mutt that the command passes possibly large amounts of
text on standard output.  This causes Mutt to invoke a pager (either
the internal pager or the external pager defined by the pager variable)
on the output of the view command.  Without this flag, Mutt assumes that
the command is interactive.  One could use this to replace the pipe to
<code class="literal">more</code> in the <code class="literal">lynx -dump</code> example in
the Basic section:
</p><pre class="screen">
text/html; lynx -dump %s ; copiousoutput
</pre><p>
This will cause lynx to format the <code class="literal">text/html</code> output
as <code class="literal">text/plain</code> and Mutt will use your standard pager
to display the results.
</p><p>
Note that when using the built-in pager, <span class="emphasis"><em>only</em></span>
entries with this flag will be considered a handler for a MIME type
— all other entries will be ignored.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">needsterminal</span></dt><dd><p>
Mutt uses this flag when viewing attachments with <a class="link" href="mimesupport.html#auto-view" title="4. MIME Autoview"><span class="command"><strong>auto_view</strong></span></a>, in order to
decide whether it should honor the setting of the <a class="link" href="reference.html#wait-key" title="3.300. wait_key">$wait_key</a> variable or not.  When an attachment
is viewed using an interactive program, and the corresponding mailcap
entry has a <span class="emphasis"><em>needsterminal</em></span> flag, Mutt will use <a class="link" href="reference.html#wait-key" title="3.300. wait_key">$wait_key</a> and the exit status of the program
to decide if it will ask you to press a key after the external program
has exited.  In all other situations it will not prompt you for a key.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">compose=&lt;command&gt;</span></dt><dd><p>
This flag specifies the command to use to create a new attachment of a
specific MIME type.  Mutt supports this from the compose menu.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">composetyped=&lt;command&gt;</span></dt><dd><p>
This flag specifies the command to use to create a new attachment of a
specific MIME type.  This command differs from the compose command in
that Mutt will expect standard MIME headers on the data.  This can be
used to specify parameters, filename, description, etc. for a new
attachment.  Mutt supports this from the compose menu.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">print=&lt;command&gt;</span></dt><dd><p>
This flag specifies the command to use to print a specific MIME type.
Mutt supports this from the attachment and compose menus.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">edit=&lt;command&gt;</span></dt><dd><p>
This flag specifies the command to use to edit a specific MIME type.
Mutt supports this from the compose menu, and also uses it to compose
new attachments.  Mutt will default to the defined <a class="link" href="reference.html#editor" title="3.57. editor">$editor</a> for text attachments.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">nametemplate=&lt;template&gt;</span></dt><dd><p>
This field specifies the format for the file denoted by
<code class="literal">%s</code> in the command fields.  Certain programs will
require a certain file extension, for instance, to correctly view a
file.  For instance, lynx will only interpret a file as
<code class="literal">text/html</code> if the file ends in
<code class="literal">.html</code>.  So, you would specify lynx as a
<code class="literal">text/html</code> viewer with a line in the mailcap file
like:
</p><pre class="screen">
text/html; lynx %s; nametemplate=%s.html
</pre></dd><dt><span class="term">test=&lt;command&gt;</span></dt><dd><p>
This field specifies a command to run to test whether this mailcap entry
should be used.  The command is defined with the command expansion rules
defined in the next section.  If the command returns 0, then the test
passed, and Mutt uses this entry.  If the command returns non-zero, then
the test failed, and Mutt continues searching for the right entry.  Note
that the content-type must match before Mutt performs the test.  For
example:
</p><pre class="screen">
text/html; firefox -remote 'openURL(%s)' ; test=RunningX
text/html; lynx %s
</pre><p>
In this example, Mutt will run the program <code class="literal">RunningX</code>
which will return 0 if the X Window manager is running, and non-zero if
it isn't.  If <code class="literal">RunningX</code> returns 0, then Mutt will run
firefox to display the <code class="literal">text/html</code> object.  If RunningX
doesn't return 0, then Mutt will go on to the next entry and use lynx to
display the <code class="literal">text/html</code> object.
</p></dd></dl></div></div><div class="sect3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="mailcap-search-order"></a>3.3.2. Search Order</h4></div></div></div><p>
When searching for an entry in the mailcap file, Mutt will search for
the most useful entry for its purpose.  For instance, if you are
attempting to print an <code class="literal">image/gif</code>, and you have the
following entries in your mailcap file, Mutt will search for an entry
with the print command:
</p><pre class="screen">
image/*;        xv %s
image/gif;      ; print= anytopnm %s | pnmtops | lpr; \
                nametemplate=%s.gif
</pre><p>
Mutt will skip the <code class="literal">image/*</code> entry and use the
<code class="literal">image/gif</code> entry with the print command.
</p><p>
In addition, you can use this with <a class="link" href="mimesupport.html#auto-view" title="4. MIME Autoview"><span class="command"><strong>auto_view</strong></span></a> to denote two
commands for viewing an attachment, one to be viewed automatically, the
other to be viewed interactively from the attachment menu using the
<code class="literal">&lt;view-mailcap&gt;</code> function (bound to
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">m</span>”</span> by default). In addition, you can then use the test
feature to determine which viewer to use interactively depending on your
environment.
</p><pre class="screen">
text/html;      firefox -remote 'openURL(%s)' ; test=RunningX
text/html;      lynx %s; nametemplate=%s.html
text/html;      lynx -dump %s; nametemplate=%s.html; copiousoutput
</pre><p>
For <a class="link" href="mimesupport.html#auto-view" title="4. MIME Autoview"><span class="command"><strong>auto_view</strong></span></a>, Mutt
will choose the third entry because of the
<code class="literal">copiousoutput</code> tag.  For interactive viewing, Mutt
will run the program <code class="literal">RunningX</code> to determine if it
should use the first entry.  If the program returns non-zero, Mutt will
use the second entry for interactive viewing. The last entry is for
inline display in the pager and the
<code class="literal">&lt;view-attach&gt;</code> function in the attachment menu.
</p><p>
Entries with the <code class="literal">copiousoutput</code> tag should always be
specified as the last one per type. For non-interactive use, the last
entry will then actually be the first matching one with the tag set.
For non-interactive use, only <code class="literal">copiousoutput</code>-tagged
entries are considered. For interactive use, Mutt ignores this tag and
treats all entries equally. Therefore, if not specified last, all
following entries without this tag would never be considered for
<code class="literal">&lt;view-attach&gt;</code> because the
<code class="literal">copiousoutput</code> before them matched already.
</p></div><div class="sect3"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h4 class="title"><a id="mailcap-command-expansion"></a>3.3.3. Command Expansion</h4></div></div></div><p>
The various commands defined in the mailcap files are passed to the
<code class="literal">/bin/sh</code> shell using the <code class="literal">system(3)</code>
function.  Before the command is passed to <code class="literal">/bin/sh
-c</code>, it is parsed to expand various special parameters with
information from Mutt.  The keywords Mutt expands are:
</p><div class="variablelist"><dl class="variablelist"><dt><span class="term">%s</span></dt><dd><p>
As seen in the basic mailcap section, this variable is expanded to a
filename specified by the calling program.  This file contains the body
of the message to view/print/edit or where the composing program should
place the results of composition.  In addition, the use of this keyword
causes Mutt to not pass the body of the message to the view/print/edit
program on stdin.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">%t</span></dt><dd><p>
Mutt will expand <code class="literal">%t</code> to the text representation of the
content type of the message in the same form as the first parameter of
the mailcap definition line, i.e. <code class="literal">text/html</code> or
<code class="literal">image/gif</code>.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">%{&lt;parameter&gt;}</span></dt><dd><p>
Mutt will expand this to the value of the specified parameter from the
Content-Type: line of the mail message.  For instance, if your mail
message contains:
</p><pre class="screen">
Content-Type: text/plain; charset=iso-8859-1
</pre><p>
then Mutt will expand <code class="literal">%{charset}</code> to
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">iso-8859-1</span>”</span>.  The default metamail mailcap file uses this
feature to test the charset to spawn an xterm using the right charset to
view the message.
</p></dd><dt><span class="term">\%</span></dt><dd><p>
This will be replaced by a literal <code class="literal">%</code>.
</p></dd></dl></div><p>
Mutt does not currently support the <code class="literal">%F</code> and
<code class="literal">%n</code> keywords specified in RFC 1524.  The main purpose
of these parameters is for multipart messages, which is handled
internally by Mutt.
</p></div></div><div class="sect2"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h3 class="title"><a id="mailcap-example"></a>3.4. Example Mailcap Files</h3></div></div></div><p>
This mailcap file is fairly simple and standard:
</p><pre class="screen">
<span class="comment"># I'm always running X :)</span>
video/*;        xanim %s &gt; /dev/null
image/*;        xv %s &gt; /dev/null

<span class="comment"># I'm always running firefox (if my computer had more memory, maybe)</span>
text/html;      firefox -remote 'openURL(%s)'
</pre><p>
This mailcap file shows quite a number of examples:
</p><pre class="screen">
<span class="comment"># Use xanim to view all videos   Xanim produces a header on startup,
# send that to /dev/null so I don't see it</span>
video/*;        xanim %s &gt; /dev/null

<span class="comment"># Send html to a running firefox by remote</span>
text/html;      firefox -remote 'openURL(%s)'; test=RunningFirefox

<span class="comment"># If I'm not running firefox but I am running X, start firefox on the
# object</span>
text/html;      firefox %s; test=RunningX

<span class="comment"># Else use lynx to view it as text</span>
text/html;      lynx %s

<span class="comment"># This version would convert the text/html to text/plain</span>
text/html;      lynx -dump %s; copiousoutput

<span class="comment"># I use enscript to print text in two columns to a page</span>
text/*;         more %s; print=enscript -2Gr %s

<span class="comment"># Firefox adds a flag to tell itself to view jpegs internally</span>
image/jpeg;xv %s; x-mozilla-flags=internal

<span class="comment"># Use xv to view images if I'm running X</span>
<span class="comment"># In addition, this uses the \ to extend the line and set my editor</span>
<span class="comment"># for images</span>
image/*;xv %s; test=RunningX; \
        edit=xpaint %s

<span class="comment"># Convert images to text using the netpbm tools</span>
image/*;  (anytopnm %s | pnmscale -xysize 80 46 | ppmtopgm | pgmtopbm |
pbmtoascii -1x2 ) 2&gt;&amp;1 ; copiousoutput

<span class="comment"># Send excel spreadsheets to my NT box</span>
application/ms-excel; open.pl %s
</pre></div></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="auto-view"></a>4. MIME Autoview</h2></div></div></div><p>
Usage:
</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">auto_view</code>   
<em class="replaceable"><code>mimetype</code></em>
  [
<em class="replaceable"><code>mimetype</code></em>
...]<br /><code class="command">unauto_view</code>  { 
<em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em>
  |   
<em class="replaceable"><code>mimetype</code></em>
... }</p></div><p>
In addition to explicitly telling Mutt to view an attachment with the
MIME viewer defined in the mailcap file from the attachments menu, Mutt
has support for automatically viewing MIME attachments while in the
pager.
</p><p>
For this to work, you must define a viewer in the mailcap file which
uses the <code class="literal">copiousoutput</code> option to denote that it is
non-interactive.  Usually, you also use the entry to convert the
attachment to a text representation which you can view in the pager.
</p><p>
You then use the <span class="command"><strong>auto_view</strong></span> configuration command to
list the content-types that you wish to view automatically.  For
instance, if you set it to:
</p><pre class="screen">
auto_view text/html application/x-gunzip \
  application/postscript image/gif application/x-tar-gz
</pre><p>
...Mutt would try to find corresponding entries for rendering
attachments of these types as text. A corresponding mailcap could look
like:
</p><pre class="screen">
text/html;      lynx -dump %s; copiousoutput; nametemplate=%s.html
image/*;        anytopnm %s | pnmscale -xsize 80 -ysize 50 | ppmtopgm | \
                pgmtopbm | pbmtoascii ; copiousoutput
application/x-gunzip;   gzcat; copiousoutput
application/x-tar-gz; gunzip -c %s | tar -tf - ; copiousoutput
application/postscript; ps2ascii %s; copiousoutput
</pre><p>
<span class="command"><strong>unauto_view</strong></span> can be used to remove previous entries
from the <span class="command"><strong>auto_view</strong></span> list.  This can be used with <a class="link" href="configuration.html#message-hook" title="20. Change Settings Before Formatting a Message"><span class="command"><strong>message-hook</strong></span></a> to
autoview messages based on size, etc.
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><span class="command"><strong>unauto_view</strong></span> *</span>”</span> will remove all previous
entries.
</p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="alternative-order"></a>5. MIME Multipart/Alternative</h2></div></div></div><p>
The <code class="literal">multipart/alternative</code> container type only has
child MIME parts which represent the same content in an alternative
way. This is often used to send HTML messages which contain an
alternative plain text representation.
</p><p>
Mutt has some heuristics for determining which attachment of a
<code class="literal">multipart/alternative</code> type to display:
</p><div class="orderedlist"><ol class="orderedlist" type="1"><li class="listitem"><p>
First, Mutt will check the <span class="command"><strong>alternative_order</strong></span> list to
determine if one of the available types is preferred.  It consists of a
number of MIME types in order, including support for implicit and
explicit wildcards. For example:
</p><pre class="screen">
alternative_order text/enriched text/plain text \
  application/postscript image/*
</pre></li><li class="listitem"><p>
Next, Mutt will check if any of the types have a defined <a class="link" href="mimesupport.html#auto-view" title="4. MIME Autoview"><span class="command"><strong>auto_view</strong></span></a>, and use that.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
Failing that, Mutt will look for any text type.
</p></li><li class="listitem"><p>
As a last attempt, Mutt will look for any type it knows how to handle.
</p></li></ol></div><p>
To remove a MIME type from the <span class="command"><strong>alternative_order</strong></span>
list, use the <span class="command"><strong>unalternative_order</strong></span> command.
</p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="attachments"></a>6. Attachment Searching and Counting</h2></div></div></div><p>
If you ever lose track of attachments in your mailboxes, Mutt's
attachment-counting and -searching support might be for you.  You can
make your message index display the number of qualifying attachments in
each message, or search for messages by attachment count.  You also can
configure what kinds of attachments qualify for this feature with the
<span class="command"><strong>attachments</strong></span> and <span class="command"><strong>unattachments</strong></span>
commands.
</p><p>
In order to provide this information, Mutt needs to fully MIME-parse all
messages affected first. This can slow down operation especially for
remote mail folders such as IMAP because all messages have to be
downloaded first regardless whether the user really wants to view them
or not though using <a class="xref" href="optionalfeatures.html#body-caching" title="7.2. Body Caching">Section 7.2, “Body Caching”</a> usually means to
download the message just once.
</p><p>
The syntax is:
</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">attachments</code>   
<em class="replaceable"><code>{ + | - }disposition</code></em>
   
<em class="replaceable"><code>mime-type</code></em>
 <br /><code class="command">unattachments</code>   
<em class="replaceable"><code>{ + | - }disposition</code></em>
   
<em class="replaceable"><code>mime-type</code></em>
 <br /><code class="command">attachments</code>   
<em class="replaceable"><code>?</code></em>
 </p></div><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>disposition</em></span> is the attachment's Content-Disposition
type — either <code class="literal">inline</code> or
<code class="literal">attachment</code>.  You can abbreviate this to
<code class="literal">I</code> or <code class="literal">A</code>.
</p><p>
Disposition is prefixed by either a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">+</span>”</span> symbol or a
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">-</span>”</span> symbol.  If it's a <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">+</span>”</span>, you're saying that
you want to allow this disposition and MIME type to qualify.  If it's a
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote">-</span>”</span>, you're saying that this disposition and MIME type is
an exception to previous <span class="quote">“<span class="quote">+</span>”</span> rules.  There are examples
below of how this is useful.
</p><p>
<span class="emphasis"><em>mime-type</em></span> is the MIME type of the attachment you
want the command to affect.  A MIME type is always of the format
<code class="literal">major/minor</code>, where <code class="literal">major</code> describes
the broad category of document you're looking at, and
<code class="literal">minor</code> describes the specific type within that
category.  The major part of mime-type must be literal text (or the
special token <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">*</code></span>”</span>), but the minor part
may be a regular expression.  (Therefore,
<span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><code class="literal">*/.*</code></span>”</span> matches any MIME type.)
</p><p>
The MIME types you give to the <span class="command"><strong>attachments</strong></span> directive
are a kind of pattern.  When you use the <span class="command"><strong>attachments</strong></span>
directive, the patterns you specify are added to a list.  When you use
<span class="command"><strong>unattachments</strong></span>, the pattern is removed from the list.
The patterns are not expanded and matched to specific MIME types at this
time — they're just text in a list.  They're only matched when
actually evaluating a message.
</p><p>
Some examples might help to illustrate.  The examples that are not
commented out define the default configuration of the lists.
</p><div class="example"><a id="ex-attach-count"></a><p class="title"><strong>Example 5.2. Attachment counting</strong></p><div class="example-contents"><pre class="screen">
<span class="comment">
# Removing a pattern from a list removes that pattern literally. It
# does not remove any type matching the pattern.
#
#  attachments   +A */.*
#  attachments   +A image/jpeg
#  unattachments +A */.*
#
# This leaves "attached" image/jpeg files on the allowed attachments
# list. It does not remove all items, as you might expect, because the
# second */.* is not a matching expression at this time.
#
# Remember: "unattachments" only undoes what "attachments" has done!
# It does not trigger any matching on actual messages.

# Qualify any MIME part with an "attachment" disposition, EXCEPT for
# text/x-vcard and application/pgp parts. (PGP parts are already known
# to mutt, and can be searched for with ~g, ~G, and ~k.)
#
# I've added x-pkcs7 to this, since it functions (for S/MIME)
# analogously to PGP signature attachments. S/MIME isn't supported
# in a stock mutt build, but we can still treat it specially here.
#
</span>
attachments   +A */.*
attachments   -A text/x-vcard application/pgp.*
attachments   -A application/x-pkcs7-.*

<span class="comment">
# Discount all MIME parts with an "inline" disposition, unless they're
# text/plain. (Why inline a text/plain part unless it's external to the
# message flow?)
</span>
attachments   +I text/plain

<span class="comment">
# These two lines make Mutt qualify MIME containers.  (So, for example,
# a message/rfc822 forward will count as an attachment.)  The first
# line is unnecessary if you already have "attach-allow */.*", of
# course.  These are off by default!  The MIME elements contained
# within a message/* or multipart/* are still examined, even if the
# containers themselves don't qualify.

#attachments  +A message/.* multipart/.*
#attachments  +I message/.* multipart/.*
</span>

<span class="comment">## You probably don't really care to know about deleted attachments.</span>
attachments   -A message/external-body
attachments   -I message/external-body
</pre></div></div><br class="example-break" /><p>
Entering the command <span class="quote">“<span class="quote"><span class="command"><strong>attachments</strong></span> ?</span>”</span> as
a command will list your current settings in Muttrc format, so that it
can be pasted elsewhere.
</p></div><div class="sect1"><div class="titlepage"><div><div><h2 class="title" style="clear: both"><a id="mime-lookup"></a>7. MIME Lookup</h2></div></div></div><p>
Usage:
</p><div class="cmdsynopsis"><p><code class="command">mime-lookup</code>   
<em class="replaceable"><code>mimetype</code></em>
  [
<em class="replaceable"><code>mimetype</code></em>
...]<br /><code class="command">unmime-lookup</code>  { 
<em class="replaceable"><code>*</code></em>
  |   
<em class="replaceable"><code>mimetype</code></em>
... }</p></div><p>
Mutt's <span class="command"><strong>mime_lookup</strong></span> list specifies a list of MIME
types that should <span class="emphasis"><em>not</em></span> be treated according to their
mailcap entry.  This option is designed to deal with binary types such
as <code class="literal">application/octet-stream</code>.  When an attachment's
MIME type is listed in <span class="command"><strong>mime_lookup</strong></span>, then the
extension of the filename will be compared to the list of extensions in
the <code class="literal">mime.types</code> file.  The MIME type associated with
this extension will then be used to process the attachment according to
the rules in the mailcap file and according to any other configuration
options (such as <span class="command"><strong>auto_view</strong></span>) specified.  Common usage
would be:
</p><pre class="screen">
mime_lookup application/octet-stream application/X-Lotus-Manuscript
</pre><p>
In addition, the <code class="literal">unmime_lookup</code> command may be used to
disable this feature for any particular MIME type if it had been set,
for example, in a global <code class="literal">.muttrc</code>.
</p></div></div><div class="navfooter"><hr /><table width="100%" summary="Navigation footer"><tr><td width="40%" align="left"><a accesskey="p" href="advancedusage.html">Prev</a> </td><td width="20%" align="center"> </td><td width="40%" align="right"> <a accesskey="n" href="optionalfeatures.html">Next</a></td></tr><tr><td width="40%" align="left" valign="top">Chapter 4. Advanced Usage </td><td width="20%" align="center"><a accesskey="h" href="index.html">Home</a></td><td width="40%" align="right" valign="top"> Chapter 6. Optional Features</td></tr></table></div></body></html>