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BigRat.pm
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# # "Tax the rat farms." - Lord Vetinari # # The following hash values are used: # sign : +,-,NaN,+inf,-inf # _d : denominator # _n : numerator (value = _n/_d) # _a : accuracy # _p : precision # You should not look at the innards of a BigRat - use the methods for this. package Math::BigRat; use 5.006; use strict; use warnings; use Carp qw< carp croak >; use Scalar::Util qw< blessed >; use Math::BigFloat (); our $VERSION = '0.2624'; our @ISA = qw(Math::BigFloat); our ($accuracy, $precision, $round_mode, $div_scale, $upgrade, $downgrade, $_trap_nan, $_trap_inf); use overload # overload key: with_assign '+' => sub { $_[0] -> copy() -> badd($_[1]); }, '-' => sub { my $c = $_[0] -> copy; $_[2] ? $c -> bneg() -> badd( $_[1]) : $c -> bsub($_[1]); }, '*' => sub { $_[0] -> copy() -> bmul($_[1]); }, '/' => sub { $_[2] ? ref($_[0]) -> new($_[1]) -> bdiv($_[0]) : $_[0] -> copy() -> bdiv($_[1]); }, '%' => sub { $_[2] ? ref($_[0]) -> new($_[1]) -> bmod($_[0]) : $_[0] -> copy() -> bmod($_[1]); }, '**' => sub { $_[2] ? ref($_[0]) -> new($_[1]) -> bpow($_[0]) : $_[0] -> copy() -> bpow($_[1]); }, '<<' => sub { $_[2] ? ref($_[0]) -> new($_[1]) -> blsft($_[0]) : $_[0] -> copy() -> blsft($_[1]); }, '>>' => sub { $_[2] ? ref($_[0]) -> new($_[1]) -> brsft($_[0]) : $_[0] -> copy() -> brsft($_[1]); }, # overload key: assign '+=' => sub { $_[0]->badd($_[1]); }, '-=' => sub { $_[0]->bsub($_[1]); }, '*=' => sub { $_[0]->bmul($_[1]); }, '/=' => sub { scalar $_[0]->bdiv($_[1]); }, '%=' => sub { $_[0]->bmod($_[1]); }, '**=' => sub { $_[0]->bpow($_[1]); }, '<<=' => sub { $_[0]->blsft($_[1]); }, '>>=' => sub { $_[0]->brsft($_[1]); }, # 'x=' => sub { }, # '.=' => sub { }, # overload key: num_comparison '<' => sub { $_[2] ? ref($_[0]) -> new($_[1]) -> blt($_[0]) : $_[0] -> blt($_[1]); }, '<=' => sub { $_[2] ? ref($_[0]) -> new($_[1]) -> ble($_[0]) : $_[0] -> ble($_[1]); }, '>' => sub { $_[2] ? ref($_[0]) -> new($_[1]) -> bgt($_[0]) : $_[0] -> bgt($_[1]); }, '>=' => sub { $_[2] ? ref($_[0]) -> new($_[1]) -> bge($_[0]) : $_[0] -> bge($_[1]); }, '==' => sub { $_[0] -> beq($_[1]); }, '!=' => sub { $_[0] -> bne($_[1]); }, # overload key: 3way_comparison '<=>' => sub { my $cmp = $_[0] -> bcmp($_[1]); defined($cmp) && $_[2] ? -$cmp : $cmp; }, 'cmp' => sub { $_[2] ? "$_[1]" cmp $_[0] -> bstr() : $_[0] -> bstr() cmp "$_[1]"; }, # overload key: str_comparison # 'lt' => sub { $_[2] ? ref($_[0]) -> new($_[1]) -> bstrlt($_[0]) # : $_[0] -> bstrlt($_[1]); }, # # 'le' => sub { $_[2] ? ref($_[0]) -> new($_[1]) -> bstrle($_[0]) # : $_[0] -> bstrle($_[1]); }, # # 'gt' => sub { $_[2] ? ref($_[0]) -> new($_[1]) -> bstrgt($_[0]) # : $_[0] -> bstrgt($_[1]); }, # # 'ge' => sub { $_[2] ? ref($_[0]) -> new($_[1]) -> bstrge($_[0]) # : $_[0] -> bstrge($_[1]); }, # # 'eq' => sub { $_[0] -> bstreq($_[1]); }, # # 'ne' => sub { $_[0] -> bstrne($_[1]); }, # overload key: binary '&' => sub { $_[2] ? ref($_[0]) -> new($_[1]) -> band($_[0]) : $_[0] -> copy() -> band($_[1]); }, '&=' => sub { $_[0] -> band($_[1]); }, '|' => sub { $_[2] ? ref($_[0]) -> new($_[1]) -> bior($_[0]) : $_[0] -> copy() -> bior($_[1]); }, '|=' => sub { $_[0] -> bior($_[1]); }, '^' => sub { $_[2] ? ref($_[0]) -> new($_[1]) -> bxor($_[0]) : $_[0] -> copy() -> bxor($_[1]); }, '^=' => sub { $_[0] -> bxor($_[1]); }, # '&.' => sub { }, # '&.=' => sub { }, # '|.' => sub { }, # '|.=' => sub { }, # '^.' => sub { }, # '^.=' => sub { }, # overload key: unary 'neg' => sub { $_[0] -> copy() -> bneg(); }, # '!' => sub { }, '~' => sub { $_[0] -> copy() -> bnot(); }, # '~.' => sub { }, # overload key: mutators '++' => sub { $_[0] -> binc() }, '--' => sub { $_[0] -> bdec() }, # overload key: func 'atan2' => sub { $_[2] ? ref($_[0]) -> new($_[1]) -> batan2($_[0]) : $_[0] -> copy() -> batan2($_[1]); }, 'cos' => sub { $_[0] -> copy() -> bcos(); }, 'sin' => sub { $_[0] -> copy() -> bsin(); }, 'exp' => sub { $_[0] -> copy() -> bexp($_[1]); }, 'abs' => sub { $_[0] -> copy() -> babs(); }, 'log' => sub { $_[0] -> copy() -> blog(); }, 'sqrt' => sub { $_[0] -> copy() -> bsqrt(); }, 'int' => sub { $_[0] -> copy() -> bint(); }, # overload key: conversion 'bool' => sub { $_[0] -> is_zero() ? '' : 1; }, '""' => sub { $_[0] -> bstr(); }, '0+' => sub { $_[0] -> numify(); }, '=' => sub { $_[0]->copy(); }, ; BEGIN { *objectify = \&Math::BigInt::objectify; # inherit this from BigInt *AUTOLOAD = \&Math::BigFloat::AUTOLOAD; # can't inherit AUTOLOAD *as_number = \&as_int; *is_pos = \&is_positive; *is_neg = \&is_negative; } ############################################################################## # Global constants and flags. Access these only via the accessor methods! $accuracy = $precision = undef; $round_mode = 'even'; $div_scale = 40; $upgrade = undef; $downgrade = undef; # These are internally, and not to be used from the outside at all! $_trap_nan = 0; # are NaNs ok? set w/ config() $_trap_inf = 0; # are infs ok? set w/ config() # the math backend library my $LIB = 'Math::BigInt::Calc'; my $nan = 'NaN'; #my $class = 'Math::BigRat'; sub isa { return 0 if $_[1] =~ /^Math::Big(Int|Float)/; # we aren't UNIVERSAL::isa(@_); } ############################################################################## sub new { my $proto = shift; my $protoref = ref $proto; my $class = $protoref || $proto; # Check the way we are called. if ($protoref) { croak("new() is a class method, not an instance method"); } if (@_ < 1) { #carp("Using new() with no argument is deprecated;", # " use bzero() or new(0) instead"); return $class -> bzero(); } if (@_ > 2) { carp("Superfluous arguments to new() ignored."); } # Get numerator and denominator. If any of the arguments is undefined, # return zero. my ($n, $d) = @_; if (@_ == 1 && !defined $n || @_ == 2 && (!defined $n || !defined $d)) { #carp("Use of uninitialized value in new()"); return $class -> bzero(); } # Initialize a new object. my $self = bless {}, $class; # One or two input arguments may be given. First handle the numerator $n. if (ref($n)) { $n = Math::BigFloat -> new($n, undef, undef) unless ($n -> isa('Math::BigRat') || $n -> isa('Math::BigInt') || $n -> isa('Math::BigFloat')); } else { if (defined $d) { # If the denominator is defined, the numerator is not a string # fraction, e.g., "355/113". $n = Math::BigFloat -> new($n, undef, undef); } else { # If the denominator is undefined, the numerator might be a string # fraction, e.g., "355/113". if ($n =~ m| ^ \s* (\S+) \s* / \s* (\S+) \s* $ |x) { $n = Math::BigFloat -> new($1, undef, undef); $d = Math::BigFloat -> new($2, undef, undef); } else { $n = Math::BigFloat -> new($n, undef, undef); } } } # At this point $n is an object and $d is either an object or undefined. An # undefined $d means that $d was not specified by the caller (not that $d # was specified as an undefined value). unless (defined $d) { #return $n -> copy($n) if $n -> isa('Math::BigRat'); if ($n -> isa('Math::BigRat')) { return $downgrade -> new($n) if defined($downgrade) && $n -> is_int(); return $class -> copy($n); } if ($n -> is_nan()) { return $class -> bnan(); } if ($n -> is_inf()) { return $class -> binf($n -> sign()); } if ($n -> isa('Math::BigInt')) { $self -> {_n} = $LIB -> _new($n -> copy() -> babs(undef, undef) -> bstr()); $self -> {_d} = $LIB -> _one(); $self -> {sign} = $n -> sign(); return $downgrade -> new($n) if defined $downgrade; return $self; } if ($n -> isa('Math::BigFloat')) { my $m = $n -> mantissa(undef, undef) -> babs(undef, undef); my $e = $n -> exponent(undef, undef); $self -> {_n} = $LIB -> _new($m -> bstr()); $self -> {_d} = $LIB -> _one(); if ($e > 0) { $self -> {_n} = $LIB -> _lsft($self -> {_n}, $LIB -> _new($e -> bstr()), 10); } elsif ($e < 0) { $self -> {_d} = $LIB -> _lsft($self -> {_d}, $LIB -> _new(-$e -> bstr()), 10); my $gcd = $LIB -> _gcd($LIB -> _copy($self -> {_n}), $self -> {_d}); if (!$LIB -> _is_one($gcd)) { $self -> {_n} = $LIB -> _div($self->{_n}, $gcd); $self -> {_d} = $LIB -> _div($self->{_d}, $gcd); } } $self -> {sign} = $n -> sign(); return $downgrade -> new($n, undef, undef) if defined($downgrade) && $n -> is_int(); return $self; } die "I don't know how to handle this"; # should never get here } # At the point we know that both $n and $d are defined. We know that $n is # an object, but $d might still be a scalar. Now handle $d. $d = Math::BigFloat -> new($d, undef, undef) unless ref($d) && ($d -> isa('Math::BigRat') || $d -> isa('Math::BigInt') || $d -> isa('Math::BigFloat')); # At this point both $n and $d are objects. if ($n -> is_nan() || $d -> is_nan()) { return $class -> bnan(); } # At this point neither $n nor $d is a NaN. if ($n -> is_zero()) { if ($d -> is_zero()) { # 0/0 = NaN return $class -> bnan(); } return $class -> bzero(); } if ($d -> is_zero()) { return $class -> binf($d -> sign()); } # At this point, neither $n nor $d is a NaN or a zero. # Copy them now before manipulating them. $n = $n -> copy(); $d = $d -> copy(); if ($d < 0) { # make sure denominator is positive $n -> bneg(); $d -> bneg(); } if ($n -> is_inf()) { return $class -> bnan() if $d -> is_inf(); # Inf/Inf = NaN return $class -> binf($n -> sign()); } # At this point $n is finite. return $class -> bzero() if $d -> is_inf(); return $class -> binf($d -> sign()) if $d -> is_zero(); # At this point both $n and $d are finite and non-zero. if ($n < 0) { $n -> bneg(); $self -> {sign} = '-'; } else { $self -> {sign} = '+'; } if ($n -> isa('Math::BigRat')) { if ($d -> isa('Math::BigRat')) { # At this point both $n and $d is a Math::BigRat. # p r p * s (p / gcd(p, r)) * (s / gcd(s, q)) # - / - = ----- = --------------------------------- # q s q * r (q / gcd(s, q)) * (r / gcd(p, r)) my $p = $n -> {_n}; my $q = $n -> {_d}; my $r = $d -> {_n}; my $s = $d -> {_d}; my $gcd_pr = $LIB -> _gcd($LIB -> _copy($p), $r); my $gcd_sq = $LIB -> _gcd($LIB -> _copy($s), $q); $self -> {_n} = $LIB -> _mul($LIB -> _div($LIB -> _copy($p), $gcd_pr), $LIB -> _div($LIB -> _copy($s), $gcd_sq)); $self -> {_d} = $LIB -> _mul($LIB -> _div($LIB -> _copy($q), $gcd_sq), $LIB -> _div($LIB -> _copy($r), $gcd_pr)); return $downgrade -> new($n->bstr()) if defined($downgrade) && $self -> is_int(); return $self; # no need for $self -> bnorm() here } # At this point, $n is a Math::BigRat and $d is a Math::Big(Int|Float). my $p = $n -> {_n}; my $q = $n -> {_d}; my $m = $d -> mantissa(); my $e = $d -> exponent(); # / p # | ------------ if e > 0 # | q * m * 10^e # | # p | p # - / (m * 10^e) = | ----- if e == 0 # q | q * m # | # | p * 10^-e # | -------- if e < 0 # \ q * m $self -> {_n} = $LIB -> _copy($p); $self -> {_d} = $LIB -> _mul($LIB -> _copy($q), $m); if ($e > 0) { $self -> {_d} = $LIB -> _lsft($self -> {_d}, $e, 10); } elsif ($e < 0) { $self -> {_n} = $LIB -> _lsft($self -> {_n}, -$e, 10); } return $self -> bnorm(); } else { if ($d -> isa('Math::BigRat')) { # At this point $n is a Math::Big(Int|Float) and $d is a # Math::BigRat. my $m = $n -> mantissa(); my $e = $n -> exponent(); my $p = $d -> {_n}; my $q = $d -> {_d}; # / q * m * 10^e # | ------------ if e > 0 # | p # | # p | m * q # (m * 10^e) / - = | ----- if e == 0 # q | p # | # | q * m # | --------- if e < 0 # \ p * 10^-e $self -> {_n} = $LIB -> _mul($LIB -> _copy($q), $m); $self -> {_d} = $LIB -> _copy($p); if ($e > 0) { $self -> {_n} = $LIB -> _lsft($self -> {_n}, $e, 10); } elsif ($e < 0) { $self -> {_d} = $LIB -> _lsft($self -> {_d}, -$e, 10); } return $self -> bnorm(); } else { # At this point $n and $d are both a Math::Big(Int|Float) my $m1 = $n -> mantissa(); my $e1 = $n -> exponent(); my $m2 = $d -> mantissa(); my $e2 = $d -> exponent(); # / # | m1 * 10^(e1 - e2) # | ----------------- if e1 > e2 # | m2 # | # m1 * 10^e1 | m1 # ---------- = | -- if e1 = e2 # m2 * 10^e2 | m2 # | # | m1 # | ----------------- if e1 < e2 # | m2 * 10^(e2 - e1) # \ $self -> {_n} = $LIB -> _new($m1 -> bstr()); $self -> {_d} = $LIB -> _new($m2 -> bstr()); my $ediff = $e1 - $e2; if ($ediff > 0) { $self -> {_n} = $LIB -> _lsft($self -> {_n}, $LIB -> _new($ediff -> bstr()), 10); } elsif ($ediff < 0) { $self -> {_d} = $LIB -> _lsft($self -> {_d}, $LIB -> _new(-$ediff -> bstr()), 10); } return $self -> bnorm(); } } return $downgrade -> new($self -> bstr()) if defined($downgrade) && $self -> is_int(); return $self; } sub copy { my $self = shift; my $selfref = ref $self; my $class = $selfref || $self; # If called as a class method, the object to copy is the next argument. $self = shift() unless $selfref; my $copy = bless {}, $class; $copy->{sign} = $self->{sign}; $copy->{_d} = $LIB->_copy($self->{_d}); $copy->{_n} = $LIB->_copy($self->{_n}); $copy->{_a} = $self->{_a} if defined $self->{_a}; $copy->{_p} = $self->{_p} if defined $self->{_p}; #($copy, $copy->{_a}, $copy->{_p}) # = $copy->_find_round_parameters(@_); return $copy; } sub bnan { my $self = shift; my $selfref = ref $self; my $class = $selfref || $self; $self = bless {}, $class unless $selfref; if ($_trap_nan) { croak ("Tried to set a variable to NaN in $class->bnan()"); } return $downgrade -> bnan() if defined $downgrade; $self -> {sign} = $nan; $self -> {_n} = $LIB -> _zero(); $self -> {_d} = $LIB -> _one(); ($self, $self->{_a}, $self->{_p}) = $self->_find_round_parameters(@_); return $self; } sub binf { my $self = shift; my $selfref = ref $self; my $class = $selfref || $self; $self = bless {}, $class unless $selfref; my $sign = shift(); $sign = defined($sign) && substr($sign, 0, 1) eq '-' ? '-inf' : '+inf'; if ($_trap_inf) { croak ("Tried to set a variable to +-inf in $class->binf()"); } return $downgrade -> binf($sign) if defined $downgrade; $self -> {sign} = $sign; $self -> {_n} = $LIB -> _zero(); $self -> {_d} = $LIB -> _one(); ($self, $self->{_a}, $self->{_p}) = $self->_find_round_parameters(@_); return $self; } sub bone { my $self = shift; my $selfref = ref $self; my $class = $selfref || $self; my $sign = shift(); $sign = '+' unless defined($sign) && $sign eq '-'; return $downgrade -> bone($sign) if defined $downgrade; $self = bless {}, $class unless $selfref; $self -> {sign} = $sign; $self -> {_n} = $LIB -> _one(); $self -> {_d} = $LIB -> _one(); ($self, $self->{_a}, $self->{_p}) = $self->_find_round_parameters(@_); return $self; } sub bzero { my $self = shift; my $selfref = ref $self; my $class = $selfref || $self; return $downgrade -> bzero() if defined $downgrade; $self = bless {}, $class unless $selfref; $self -> {sign} = '+'; $self -> {_n} = $LIB -> _zero(); $self -> {_d} = $LIB -> _one(); ($self, $self->{_a}, $self->{_p}) = $self->_find_round_parameters(@_); return $self; } ############################################################################## sub config { # return (later set?) configuration data as hash ref my $class = shift() || 'Math::BigRat'; if (@_ == 1 && ref($_[0]) ne 'HASH') { my $cfg = $class->SUPER::config(); return $cfg->{$_[0]}; } my $cfg = $class->SUPER::config(@_); # now we need only to override the ones that are different from our parent $cfg->{class} = $class; $cfg->{with} = $LIB; $cfg; } ############################################################################### # String conversion methods ############################################################################### sub bstr { my ($class, $x, @r) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]), $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); carp "Rounding is not supported for ", (caller(0))[3], "()" if @r; # Inf and NaN if ($x->{sign} ne '+' && $x->{sign} ne '-') { return $x->{sign} unless $x->{sign} eq '+inf'; # -inf, NaN return 'inf'; # +inf } # Upgrade? return $upgrade -> bstr($x, @r) if defined($upgrade) && !$x -> isa($class); # Finite number my $s = ''; $s = $x->{sign} if $x->{sign} ne '+'; # '+3/2' => '3/2' my $str = $x->{sign} eq '-' ? '-' : ''; $str .= $LIB->_str($x->{_n}); $str .= '/' . $LIB->_str($x->{_d}) unless $LIB -> _is_one($x->{_d}); return $str; } sub bsstr { my ($class, $x, @r) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]), $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); carp "Rounding is not supported for ", (caller(0))[3], "()" if @r; # Inf and NaN if ($x->{sign} ne '+' && $x->{sign} ne '-') { return $x->{sign} unless $x->{sign} eq '+inf'; # -inf, NaN return 'inf'; # +inf } # Upgrade? return $upgrade -> bsstr($x, @r) if defined($upgrade) && !$x -> isa($class); # Finite number my $str = $x->{sign} eq '-' ? '-' : ''; $str .= $LIB->_str($x->{_n}); $str .= '/' . $LIB->_str($x->{_d}) unless $LIB -> _is_one($x->{_d}); return $str; } sub bfstr { my ($class, $x, @r) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]), $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); carp "Rounding is not supported for ", (caller(0))[3], "()" if @r; # Inf and NaN if ($x->{sign} ne '+' && $x->{sign} ne '-') { return $x->{sign} unless $x->{sign} eq '+inf'; # -inf, NaN return 'inf'; # +inf } # Upgrade? return $upgrade -> bfstr($x, @r) if defined($upgrade) && !$x -> isa($class); # Finite number my $str = $x->{sign} eq '-' ? '-' : ''; $str .= $LIB->_str($x->{_n}); $str .= '/' . $LIB->_str($x->{_d}) unless $LIB -> _is_one($x->{_d}); return $str; } sub bnorm { # reduce the number to the shortest form my ($class, $x) = ref($_[0]) ? (undef, $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); # Both parts must be objects of whatever we are using today. if (my $c = $LIB->_check($x->{_n})) { croak("n did not pass the self-check ($c) in bnorm()"); } if (my $c = $LIB->_check($x->{_d})) { croak("d did not pass the self-check ($c) in bnorm()"); } # no normalize for NaN, inf etc. if ($x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/) { return $downgrade -> new($x) if defined $downgrade; return $x; } # normalize zeros to 0/1 if ($LIB->_is_zero($x->{_n})) { return $downgrade -> bzero() if defined($downgrade); $x->{sign} = '+'; # never leave a -0 $x->{_d} = $LIB->_one() unless $LIB->_is_one($x->{_d}); return $x; } # n/1 if ($LIB->_is_one($x->{_d})) { return $downgrade -> new($x) if defined($downgrade); return $x; # no need to reduce } # Compute the GCD. my $gcd = $LIB->_gcd($LIB->_copy($x->{_n}), $x->{_d}); if (!$LIB->_is_one($gcd)) { $x->{_n} = $LIB->_div($x->{_n}, $gcd); $x->{_d} = $LIB->_div($x->{_d}, $gcd); } $x; } ############################################################################## # sign manipulation sub bneg { # (BRAT or num_str) return BRAT # negate number or make a negated number from string my ($class, $x) = ref($_[0]) ? (undef, $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); return $x if $x->modify('bneg'); # for +0 do not negate (to have always normalized +0). Does nothing for 'NaN' $x->{sign} =~ tr/+-/-+/ unless ($x->{sign} eq '+' && $LIB->_is_zero($x->{_n})); return $downgrade -> new($x) if defined($downgrade) && $LIB -> _is_one($x->{_d}); $x; } ############################################################################## # mul/add/div etc sub badd { # add two rational numbers # set up parameters my ($class, $x, $y, @r) = (ref($_[0]), @_); # objectify is costly, so avoid it if ((!ref($_[0])) || (ref($_[0]) ne ref($_[1]))) { ($class, $x, $y, @r) = objectify(2, @_); } unless ($x -> is_finite() && $y -> is_finite()) { if ($x -> is_nan() || $y -> is_nan()) { return $x -> bnan(@r); } elsif ($x -> is_inf("+")) { return $x -> bnan(@r) if $y -> is_inf("-"); return $x -> binf("+", @r); } elsif ($x -> is_inf("-")) { return $x -> bnan(@r) if $y -> is_inf("+"); return $x -> binf("-", @r); } elsif ($y -> is_inf("+")) { return $x -> binf("+", @r); } elsif ($y -> is_inf("-")) { return $x -> binf("-", @r); } } # 1 1 gcd(3, 4) = 1 1*3 + 1*4 7 # - + - = --------- = -- # 4 3 4*3 12 # we do not compute the gcd() here, but simple do: # 5 7 5*3 + 7*4 43 # - + - = --------- = -- # 4 3 4*3 12 # and bnorm() will then take care of the rest # 5 * 3 $x->{_n} = $LIB->_mul($x->{_n}, $y->{_d}); # 7 * 4 my $m = $LIB->_mul($LIB->_copy($y->{_n}), $x->{_d}); # 5 * 3 + 7 * 4 ($x->{_n}, $x->{sign}) = $LIB -> _sadd($x->{_n}, $x->{sign}, $m, $y->{sign}); # 4 * 3 $x->{_d} = $LIB->_mul($x->{_d}, $y->{_d}); # normalize result, and possible round $x->bnorm()->round(@r); } sub bsub { # subtract two rational numbers # set up parameters my ($class, $x, $y, @r) = (ref($_[0]), @_); # objectify is costly, so avoid it if ((!ref($_[0])) || (ref($_[0]) ne ref($_[1]))) { ($class, $x, $y, @r) = objectify(2, @_); } # flip sign of $x, call badd(), then flip sign of result $x->{sign} =~ tr/+-/-+/ unless $x->{sign} eq '+' && $x -> is_zero(); # not -0 $x = $x->badd($y, @r); # does norm and round $x->{sign} =~ tr/+-/-+/ unless $x->{sign} eq '+' && $x -> is_zero(); # not -0 $x->bnorm(); } sub bmul { # multiply two rational numbers # set up parameters my ($class, $x, $y, @r) = (ref($_[0]), @_); # objectify is costly, so avoid it if ((!ref($_[0])) || (ref($_[0]) ne ref($_[1]))) { ($class, $x, $y, @r) = objectify(2, @_); } return $x->bnan() if $x->{sign} eq 'NaN' || $y->{sign} eq 'NaN'; # inf handling if ($x->{sign} =~ /^[+-]inf$/ || $y->{sign} =~ /^[+-]inf$/) { return $x->bnan() if $x->is_zero() || $y->is_zero(); # result will always be +-inf: # +inf * +/+inf => +inf, -inf * -/-inf => +inf # +inf * -/-inf => -inf, -inf * +/+inf => -inf return $x->binf() if ($x->{sign} =~ /^\+/ && $y->{sign} =~ /^\+/); return $x->binf() if ($x->{sign} =~ /^-/ && $y->{sign} =~ /^-/); return $x->binf('-'); } # x == 0 # also: or y == 1 or y == -1 if ($x -> is_zero()) { $x = $downgrade -> bzero($x) if defined $downgrade; return wantarray ? ($x, $class->bzero()) : $x; } if ($y -> is_zero()) { $x = defined($downgrade) ? $downgrade -> bzero($x) : $x -> bzero(); return wantarray ? ($x, $class->bzero()) : $x; } # According to Knuth, this can be optimized by doing gcd twice (for d # and n) and reducing in one step. This saves us a bnorm() at the end. # # p s p * s (p / gcd(p, r)) * (s / gcd(s, q)) # - * - = ----- = --------------------------------- # q r q * r (q / gcd(s, q)) * (r / gcd(p, r)) my $gcd_pr = $LIB -> _gcd($LIB -> _copy($x->{_n}), $y->{_d}); my $gcd_sq = $LIB -> _gcd($LIB -> _copy($y->{_n}), $x->{_d}); $x->{_n} = $LIB -> _mul(scalar $LIB -> _div($x->{_n}, $gcd_pr), scalar $LIB -> _div($LIB -> _copy($y->{_n}), $gcd_sq)); $x->{_d} = $LIB -> _mul(scalar $LIB -> _div($x->{_d}, $gcd_sq), scalar $LIB -> _div($LIB -> _copy($y->{_d}), $gcd_pr)); # compute new sign $x->{sign} = $x->{sign} eq $y->{sign} ? '+' : '-'; $x->bnorm()->round(@r); } sub bdiv { # (dividend: BRAT or num_str, divisor: BRAT or num_str) return # (BRAT, BRAT) (quo, rem) or BRAT (only rem) # set up parameters my ($class, $x, $y, @r) = (ref($_[0]), @_); # objectify is costly, so avoid it if ((!ref($_[0])) || (ref($_[0]) ne ref($_[1]))) { ($class, $x, $y, @r) = objectify(2, @_); } return $x if $x->modify('bdiv'); my $wantarray = wantarray; # call only once # At least one argument is NaN. This is handled the same way as in # Math::BigInt -> bdiv(). See the comments in the code implementing that # method. if ($x -> is_nan() || $y -> is_nan()) { if ($wantarray) { return $downgrade -> bnan(), $downgrade -> bnan() if defined($downgrade); return $x -> bnan(), $class -> bnan(); } else { return $downgrade -> bnan() if defined($downgrade); return $x -> bnan(); } } # Divide by zero and modulo zero. This is handled the same way as in # Math::BigInt -> bdiv(). See the comments in the code implementing that # method. if ($y -> is_zero()) { my ($quo, $rem); if ($wantarray) { $rem = $x -> copy(); } if ($x -> is_zero()) { $quo = $x -> bnan(); } else { $quo = $x -> binf($x -> {sign}); } $quo = $downgrade -> new($quo) if defined($downgrade) && $quo -> is_int(); $rem = $downgrade -> new($rem) if $wantarray && defined($downgrade) && $rem -> is_int(); return $wantarray ? ($quo, $rem) : $quo; } # Numerator (dividend) is +/-inf. This is handled the same way as in # Math::BigInt -> bdiv(). See the comments in the code implementing that # method. if ($x -> is_inf()) { my ($quo, $rem); $rem = $class -> bnan() if $wantarray; if ($y -> is_inf()) { $quo = $x -> bnan(); } else { my $sign = $x -> bcmp(0) == $y -> bcmp(0) ? '+' : '-'; $quo = $x -> binf($sign); } $quo = $downgrade -> new($quo) if defined($downgrade) && $quo -> is_int(); $rem = $downgrade -> new($rem) if $wantarray && defined($downgrade) && $rem -> is_int(); return $wantarray ? ($quo, $rem) : $quo; } # Denominator (divisor) is +/-inf. This is handled the same way as in # Math::BigFloat -> bdiv(). See the comments in the code implementing that # method. if ($y -> is_inf()) { my ($quo, $rem); if ($wantarray) { if ($x -> is_zero() || $x -> bcmp(0) == $y -> bcmp(0)) { $rem = $x -> copy(); $quo = $x -> bzero(); } else { $rem = $class -> binf($y -> {sign}); $quo = $x -> bone('-'); } $quo = $downgrade -> new($quo) if defined($downgrade) && $quo -> is_int(); $rem = $downgrade -> new($rem) if defined($downgrade) && $rem -> is_int(); return ($quo, $rem); } else { if ($y -> is_inf()) { if ($x -> is_nan() || $x -> is_inf()) { return $downgrade -> bnan() if defined $downgrade; return $x -> bnan(); } else { return $downgrade -> bzero() if defined $downgrade; return $x -> bzero(); } } } } # At this point, both the numerator and denominator are finite numbers, and # the denominator (divisor) is non-zero. # x == 0? if ($x->is_zero()) { return $wantarray ? ($downgrade -> bzero(), $downgrade -> bzero()) : $downgrade -> bzero() if defined $downgrade; return $wantarray ? ($x, $class->bzero()) : $x; } # XXX TODO: list context, upgrade # According to Knuth, this can be optimized by doing gcd twice (for d and n) # and reducing in one step. This would save us the bnorm() at the end. # # p r p * s (p / gcd(p, r)) * (s / gcd(s, q)) # - / - = ----- = --------------------------------- # q s q * r (q / gcd(s, q)) * (r / gcd(p, r)) $x->{_n} = $LIB->_mul($x->{_n}, $y->{_d}); $x->{_d} = $LIB->_mul($x->{_d}, $y->{_n}); # compute new sign $x->{sign} = $x->{sign} eq $y->{sign} ? '+' : '-'; $x -> bnorm(); if (wantarray) { my $rem = $x -> copy(); $x = $x -> bfloor(); $x = $x -> round(@r); $rem = $rem -> bsub($x -> copy()) -> bmul($y); $x = $downgrade -> new($x) if defined($downgrade) && $x -> is_int(); $rem = $downgrade -> new($rem) if defined($downgrade) && $rem -> is_int(); return $x, $rem; } else { return $x -> round(@r); } } sub bmod { # compute "remainder" (in Perl way) of $x / $y # set up parameters my ($class, $x, $y, @r) = (ref($_[0]), @_); # objectify is costly, so avoid it if ((!ref($_[0])) || (ref($_[0]) ne ref($_[1]))) { ($class, $x, $y, @r) = objectify(2, @_); } return $x if $x->modify('bmod'); # At least one argument is NaN. This is handled the same way as in # Math::BigInt -> bmod(). if ($x -> is_nan() || $y -> is_nan()) { return $x -> bnan(); } # Modulo zero. This is handled the same way as in Math::BigInt -> bmod(). if ($y -> is_zero()) { return $downgrade -> bzero() if defined $downgrade; return $x; } # Numerator (dividend) is +/-inf. This is handled the same way as in # Math::BigInt -> bmod(). if ($x -> is_inf()) { return $x -> bnan(); } # Denominator (divisor) is +/-inf. This is handled the same way as in # Math::BigInt -> bmod(). if ($y -> is_inf()) { if ($x -> is_zero() || $x -> bcmp(0) == $y -> bcmp(0)) { return $downgrade -> new($x) if defined($downgrade) && $x -> is_int(); return $x; } else { return $downgrade -> binf($y -> sign()) if defined($downgrade); return $x -> binf($y -> sign()); } } # At this point, both the numerator and denominator are finite numbers, and # the denominator (divisor) is non-zero. if ($x->is_zero()) { # 0 / 7 = 0, mod 0 return $downgrade -> bzero() if defined $downgrade; return $x; } # Compute $x - $y * floor($x/$y). This can probably be optimized by working # on a lower level. $x -> bsub($x -> copy() -> bdiv($y) -> bfloor() -> bmul($y)); return $x -> round(@r); } ############################################################################## # bdec/binc sub bdec { # decrement value (subtract 1) my ($class, $x, @r) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]), @_) : objectify(1, @_); if ($x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/) { # NaN, inf, -inf return $downgrade -> new($x) if defined $downgrade; return $x; } if ($x->{sign} eq '-') { $x->{_n} = $LIB->_add($x->{_n}, $x->{_d}); # -5/2 => -7/2 } else { if ($LIB->_acmp($x->{_n}, $x->{_d}) < 0) # n < d? { # 1/3 -- => -2/3 $x->{_n} = $LIB->_sub($LIB->_copy($x->{_d}), $x->{_n}); $x->{sign} = '-'; } else { $x->{_n} = $LIB->_sub($x->{_n}, $x->{_d}); # 5/2 => 3/2 } } $x->bnorm()->round(@r); } sub binc { # increment value (add 1) my ($class, $x, @r) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]), @_) : objectify(1, @_); if ($x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/) { # NaN, inf, -inf return $downgrade -> new($x) if defined $downgrade; return $x; } if ($x->{sign} eq '-') { if ($LIB->_acmp($x->{_n}, $x->{_d}) < 0) { # -1/3 ++ => 2/3 (overflow at 0) $x->{_n} = $LIB->_sub($LIB->_copy($x->{_d}), $x->{_n}); $x->{sign} = '+'; } else { $x->{_n} = $LIB->_sub($x->{_n}, $x->{_d}); # -5/2 => -3/2 } } else { $x->{_n} = $LIB->_add($x->{_n}, $x->{_d}); # 5/2 => 7/2 } $x->bnorm()->round(@r); } sub binv { my $x = shift; my @r = @_; return $x if $x->modify('binv'); return $x if $x -> is_nan(); return $x -> bzero() if $x -> is_inf(); return $x -> binf("+") if $x -> is_zero(); ($x -> {_n}, $x -> {_d}) = ($x -> {_d}, $x -> {_n}); $x -> round(@r); } ############################################################################## # is_foo methods (the rest is inherited) sub is_int { # return true if arg (BRAT or num_str) is an integer my ($class, $x) = ref($_[0]) ? (undef, $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); return 1 if ($x->{sign} =~ /^[+-]$/) && # NaN and +-inf aren't $LIB->_is_one($x->{_d}); # x/y && y != 1 => no integer 0; } sub is_zero { # return true if arg (BRAT or num_str) is zero my ($class, $x) = ref($_[0]) ? (undef, $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); return 1 if $x->{sign} eq '+' && $LIB->_is_zero($x->{_n}); 0; } sub is_one { # return true if arg (BRAT or num_str) is +1 or -1 if signis given my ($class, $x) = ref($_[0]) ? (undef, $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); croak "too many arguments for is_one()" if @_ > 2; my $sign = $_[1] || ''; $sign = '+' if $sign ne '-'; return 1 if ($x->{sign} eq $sign && $LIB->_is_one($x->{_n}) && $LIB->_is_one($x->{_d})); 0; } sub is_odd { # return true if arg (BFLOAT or num_str) is odd or false if even my ($class, $x) = ref($_[0]) ? (undef, $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); return 1 if ($x->{sign} =~ /^[+-]$/) && # NaN & +-inf aren't ($LIB->_is_one($x->{_d}) && $LIB->_is_odd($x->{_n})); # x/2 is not, but 3/1 0; } sub is_even { # return true if arg (BINT or num_str) is even or false if odd my ($class, $x) = ref($_[0]) ? (undef, $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); return 0 if $x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/; # NaN & +-inf aren't return 1 if ($LIB->_is_one($x->{_d}) # x/3 is never && $LIB->_is_even($x->{_n})); # but 4/1 is 0; } ############################################################################## # parts() and friends sub numerator { my ($class, $x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]), $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); # NaN, inf, -inf return Math::BigInt->new($x->{sign}) if ($x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/); my $n = Math::BigInt->new($LIB->_str($x->{_n})); $n->{sign} = $x->{sign}; $n; } sub denominator { my ($class, $x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]), $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); # NaN return Math::BigInt->new($x->{sign}) if $x->{sign} eq 'NaN'; # inf, -inf return Math::BigInt->bone() if $x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/; Math::BigInt->new($LIB->_str($x->{_d})); } sub parts { my ($class, $x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]), $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); my $c = 'Math::BigInt'; return ($c->bnan(), $c->bnan()) if $x->{sign} eq 'NaN'; return ($c->binf(), $c->binf()) if $x->{sign} eq '+inf'; return ($c->binf('-'), $c->binf()) if $x->{sign} eq '-inf'; my $n = $c->new($LIB->_str($x->{_n})); $n->{sign} = $x->{sign}; my $d = $c->new($LIB->_str($x->{_d})); ($n, $d); } sub dparts { my $x = shift; my $class = ref $x; croak("dparts() is an instance method") unless $class; if ($x -> is_nan()) { return $class -> bnan(), $class -> bnan() if wantarray; return $class -> bnan(); } if ($x -> is_inf()) { return $class -> binf($x -> sign()), $class -> bzero() if wantarray; return $class -> binf($x -> sign()); } # 355/113 => 3 + 16/113 my ($q, $r) = $LIB -> _div($LIB -> _copy($x -> {_n}), $x -> {_d}); my $int = Math::BigRat -> new($x -> {sign} . $LIB -> _str($q)); return $int unless wantarray; my $frc = Math::BigRat -> new($x -> {sign} . $LIB -> _str($r), $LIB -> _str($x -> {_d})); return $int, $frc; } sub fparts { my $x = shift; my $class = ref $x; croak("fparts() is an instance method") unless $class; return ($class -> bnan(), $class -> bnan()) if $x -> is_nan(); my $numer = $x -> copy(); my $denom = $class -> bzero(); $denom -> {_n} = $numer -> {_d}; $numer -> {_d} = $LIB -> _one(); return ($numer, $denom); } sub length { my ($class, $x) = ref($_[0]) ? (undef, $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); return $nan unless $x->is_int(); $LIB->_len($x->{_n}); # length(-123/1) => length(123) } sub digit { my ($class, $x, $n) = ref($_[0]) ? (undef, $_[0], $_[1]) : objectify(1, @_); return $nan unless $x->is_int(); $LIB->_digit($x->{_n}, $n || 0); # digit(-123/1, 2) => digit(123, 2) } ############################################################################## # special calc routines sub bceil { my ($class, $x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]), $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); if ($x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/ || # NaN or inf or $LIB->_is_one($x->{_d})) # integer { return $downgrade -> new($x) if defined $downgrade; return $x; } $x->{_n} = $LIB->_div($x->{_n}, $x->{_d}); # 22/7 => 3/1 w/ truncate $x->{_d} = $LIB->_one(); # d => 1 $x->{_n} = $LIB->_inc($x->{_n}) if $x->{sign} eq '+'; # +22/7 => 4/1 $x->{sign} = '+' if $x->{sign} eq '-' && $LIB->_is_zero($x->{_n}); # -0 => 0 return $downgrade -> new($x) if defined $downgrade; $x; } sub bfloor { my ($class, $x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]), $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); if ($x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/ || # NaN or inf or $LIB->_is_one($x->{_d})) # integer { return $downgrade -> new($x) if defined $downgrade; return $x; } $x->{_n} = $LIB->_div($x->{_n}, $x->{_d}); # 22/7 => 3/1 w/ truncate $x->{_d} = $LIB->_one(); # d => 1 $x->{_n} = $LIB->_inc($x->{_n}) if $x->{sign} eq '-'; # -22/7 => -4/1 return $downgrade -> new($x) if defined $downgrade; $x; } sub bint { my ($class, $x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]), $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); if ($x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/ || # NaN or inf or $LIB->_is_one($x->{_d})) # integer { return $downgrade -> new($x) if defined $downgrade; return $x; } $x->{_n} = $LIB->_div($x->{_n}, $x->{_d}); # 22/7 => 3/1 w/ truncate $x->{_d} = $LIB->_one(); # d => 1 $x->{sign} = '+' if $x->{sign} eq '-' && $LIB -> _is_zero($x->{_n}); return $downgrade -> new($x) if defined $downgrade; return $x; } sub bfac { my ($class, $x, @r) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]), @_) : objectify(1, @_); # if $x is not an integer if (($x->{sign} ne '+') || (!$LIB->_is_one($x->{_d}))) { return $x->bnan(); } $x->{_n} = $LIB->_fac($x->{_n}); # since _d is 1, we don't need to reduce/norm the result $x->round(@r); } sub bpow { # power ($x ** $y) # set up parameters my ($class, $x, $y, @r) = (ref($_[0]), @_); # objectify is costly, so avoid it if ((!ref($_[0])) || (ref($_[0]) ne ref($_[1]))) { ($class, $x, $y, @r) = objectify(2, @_); } return $x if $x->modify('bpow'); # $x and/or $y is a NaN return $x->bnan() if $x->is_nan() || $y->is_nan(); # $x and/or $y is a +/-Inf if ($x->is_inf("-")) { return $x->bzero() if $y->is_negative(); return $x->bnan() if $y->is_zero(); return $x if $y->is_odd(); return $x->bneg(); } elsif ($x->is_inf("+")) { return $x->bzero() if $y->is_negative(); return $x->bnan() if $y->is_zero(); return $x; } elsif ($y->is_inf("-")) { return $x->bnan() if $x -> is_one("-"); return $x->binf("+") if $x > -1 && $x < 1; return $x->bone() if $x -> is_one("+"); return $x->bzero(); } elsif ($y->is_inf("+")) { return $x->bnan() if $x -> is_one("-"); return $x->bzero() if $x > -1 && $x < 1; return $x->bone() if $x -> is_one("+"); return $x->binf("+"); } if ($x -> is_zero()) { return $x -> bone() if $y -> is_zero(); return $x -> binf() if $y -> is_negative(); return $x; } # We don't support complex numbers, so upgrade or return NaN. if ($x -> is_negative() && !$y -> is_int()) { return $upgrade -> bpow($upgrade -> new($x), $y, @r) if defined $upgrade; return $x -> bnan(); } if ($x -> is_one("+") || $y -> is_one()) { return $x; } if ($x -> is_one("-")) { return $x if $y -> is_odd(); return $x -> bneg(); } # (a/b)^-(c/d) = (b/a)^(c/d) ($x->{_n}, $x->{_d}) = ($x->{_d}, $x->{_n}) if $y->is_negative(); unless ($LIB->_is_one($y->{_n})) { $x->{_n} = $LIB->_pow($x->{_n}, $y->{_n}); $x->{_d} = $LIB->_pow($x->{_d}, $y->{_n}); $x->{sign} = '+' if $x->{sign} eq '-' && $LIB->_is_even($y->{_n}); } unless ($LIB->_is_one($y->{_d})) { return $x->bsqrt(@r) if $LIB->_is_two($y->{_d}); # 1/2 => sqrt return $x->broot($LIB->_str($y->{_d}), @r); # 1/N => root(N) } return $x->round(@r); } sub blog { # Return the logarithm of the operand. If a second operand is defined, that # value is used as the base, otherwise the base is assumed to be Euler's # constant. my ($class, $x, $base, @r); # Don't objectify the base, since an undefined base, as in $x->blog() or # $x->blog(undef) signals that the base is Euler's number. if (!ref($_[0]) && $_[0] =~ /^[A-Za-z]|::/) { # E.g., Math::BigRat->blog(256, 2) ($class, $x, $base, @r) = defined $_[2] ? objectify(2, @_) : objectify(1, @_); } else { # E.g., Math::BigRat::blog(256, 2) or $x->blog(2) ($class, $x, $base, @r) = defined $_[1] ? objectify(2, @_) : objectify(1, @_); } return $x if $x->modify('blog'); # Handle all exception cases and all trivial cases. I have used Wolfram Alpha # (http://www.wolframalpha.com) as the reference for these cases. return $x -> bnan() if $x -> is_nan(); if (defined $base) { $base = $class -> new($base) unless ref $base; if ($base -> is_nan() || $base -> is_one()) { return $x -> bnan(); } elsif ($base -> is_inf() || $base -> is_zero()) { return $x -> bnan() if $x -> is_inf() || $x -> is_zero(); return $x -> bzero(); } elsif ($base -> is_negative()) { # -inf < base < 0 return $x -> bzero() if $x -> is_one(); # x = 1 return $x -> bone() if $x == $base; # x = base return $x -> bnan(); # otherwise } return $x -> bone() if $x == $base; # 0 < base && 0 < x < inf } # We now know that the base is either undefined or positive and finite. if ($x -> is_inf()) { # x = +/-inf my $sign = defined $base && $base < 1 ? '-' : '+'; return $x -> binf($sign); } elsif ($x -> is_neg()) { # -inf < x < 0 return $x -> bnan(); } elsif ($x -> is_one()) { # x = 1 return $x -> bzero(); } elsif ($x -> is_zero()) { # x = 0 my $sign = defined $base && $base < 1 ? '+' : '-'; return $x -> binf($sign); } # Now take care of the cases where $x and/or $base is 1/N. # # log(1/N) / log(B) = -log(N)/log(B) # log(1/N) / log(1/B) = log(N)/log(B) # log(N) / log(1/B) = -log(N)/log(B) my $neg = 0; if ($x -> numerator() -> is_one()) { $x -> binv(); $neg = !$neg; } if (defined(blessed($base)) && $base -> isa($class)) { if ($base -> numerator() -> is_one()) { $base = $base -> copy() -> binv(); $neg = !$neg; } } # disable upgrading and downgrading require Math::BigFloat; my $upg = Math::BigFloat -> upgrade(); my $dng = Math::BigFloat -> downgrade(); Math::BigFloat -> upgrade(undef); Math::BigFloat -> downgrade(undef); # At this point we are done handling all exception cases and trivial cases. $base = Math::BigFloat -> new($base) if defined $base; my $xnum = Math::BigFloat -> new($LIB -> _str($x->{_n})); my $xden = Math::BigFloat -> new($LIB -> _str($x->{_d})); my $xstr = $xnum -> bdiv($xden) -> blog($base, @r) -> bsstr(); # reset upgrading and downgrading Math::BigFloat -> upgrade($upg); Math::BigFloat -> downgrade($dng); my $xobj = Math::BigRat -> new($xstr); $x -> {sign} = $xobj -> {sign}; $x -> {_n} = $xobj -> {_n}; $x -> {_d} = $xobj -> {_d}; return $neg ? $x -> bneg() : $x; } sub bexp { # set up parameters my ($class, $x, $y, @r) = (ref($_[0]), @_); # objectify is costly, so avoid it if ((!ref($_[0])) || (ref($_[0]) ne ref($_[1]))) { ($class, $x, $y, @r) = objectify(1, @_); } return $x->binf(@r) if $x->{sign} eq '+inf'; return $x->bzero(@r) if $x->{sign} eq '-inf'; # we need to limit the accuracy to protect against overflow my $fallback = 0; my ($scale, @params); ($x, @params) = $x->_find_round_parameters(@r); # also takes care of the "error in _find_round_parameters?" case return $x if $x->{sign} eq 'NaN'; # no rounding at all, so must use fallback if (scalar @params == 0) { # simulate old behaviour $params[0] = $class->div_scale(); # and round to it as accuracy $params[1] = undef; # P = undef $scale = $params[0]+4; # at least four more for proper round $params[2] = $r[2]; # round mode by caller or undef $fallback = 1; # to clear a/p afterwards } else { # the 4 below is empirical, and there might be cases where it's not enough... $scale = abs($params[0] || $params[1]) + 4; # take whatever is defined } return $x->bone(@params) if $x->is_zero(); # See the comments in Math::BigFloat on how this algorithm works. # Basically we calculate A and B (where B is faculty(N)) so that A/B = e my $x_org = $x->copy(); if ($scale <= 75) { # set $x directly from a cached string form $x->{_n} = $LIB->_new("90933395208605785401971970164779391644753259799242"); $x->{_d} = $LIB->_new("33452526613163807108170062053440751665152000000000"); $x->{sign} = '+'; } else { # compute A and B so that e = A / B. # After some terms we end up with this, so we use it as a starting point: my $A = $LIB->_new("90933395208605785401971970164779391644753259799242"); my $F = $LIB->_new(42); my $step = 42; # Compute how many steps we need to take to get $A and $B sufficiently big my $steps = Math::BigFloat::_len_to_steps($scale - 4); # print STDERR "# Doing $steps steps for ", $scale-4, " digits\n"; while ($step++ <= $steps) { # calculate $a * $f + 1 $A = $LIB->_mul($A, $F); $A = $LIB->_inc($A); # increment f $F = $LIB->_inc($F); } # compute $B as factorial of $steps (this is faster than doing it manually) my $B = $LIB->_fac($LIB->_new($steps)); # print "A ", $LIB->_str($A), "\nB ", $LIB->_str($B), "\n"; $x->{_n} = $A; $x->{_d} = $B; $x->{sign} = '+'; } # $x contains now an estimate of e, with some surplus digits, so we can round if (!$x_org->is_one()) { # raise $x to the wanted power and round it in one step: $x->bpow($x_org, @params); } else { # else just round the already computed result delete $x->{_a}; delete $x->{_p}; # shortcut to not run through _find_round_parameters again if (defined $params[0]) { $x->bround($params[0], $params[2]); # then round accordingly } else { $x->bfround($params[1], $params[2]); # then round accordingly } } if ($fallback) { # clear a/p after round, since user did not request it delete $x->{_a}; delete $x->{_p}; } $x; } sub bnok { # set up parameters my ($class, $x, $y, @r) = (ref($_[0]), @_); # objectify is costly, so avoid it if ((!ref($_[0])) || (ref($_[0]) ne ref($_[1]))) { ($class, $x, $y, @r) = objectify(2, @_); } return $x->bnan() if $x->is_nan() || $y->is_nan(); return $x->bnan() if (($x->is_finite() && !$x->is_int()) || ($y->is_finite() && !$y->is_int())); my $xint = Math::BigInt -> new($x -> bstr()); my $yint = Math::BigInt -> new($y -> bstr()); $xint -> bnok($yint); my $xrat = Math::BigRat -> new($xint); $x -> {sign} = $xrat -> {sign}; $x -> {_n} = $xrat -> {_n}; $x -> {_d} = $xrat -> {_d}; return $x; } sub broot { # set up parameters my ($class, $x, $y, @r) = (ref($_[0]), @_); # objectify is costly, so avoid it if ((!ref($_[0])) || (ref($_[0]) ne ref($_[1]))) { ($class, $x, $y, @r) = objectify(2, @_); } # Convert $x into a Math::BigFloat. my $xd = Math::BigFloat -> new($LIB -> _str($x->{_d})); my $xflt = Math::BigFloat -> new($LIB -> _str($x->{_n})) -> bdiv($xd); $xflt -> {sign} = $x -> {sign}; # Convert $y into a Math::BigFloat. my $yd = Math::BigFloat -> new($LIB -> _str($y->{_d})); my $yflt = Math::BigFloat -> new($LIB -> _str($y->{_n})) -> bdiv($yd); $yflt -> {sign} = $y -> {sign}; # Compute the root and convert back to a Math::BigRat. $xflt -> broot($yflt, @r); my $xtmp = Math::BigRat -> new($xflt -> bsstr()); $x -> {sign} = $xtmp -> {sign}; $x -> {_n} = $xtmp -> {_n}; $x -> {_d} = $xtmp -> {_d}; return $x; } sub bmodpow { # set up parameters my ($class, $x, $y, $m, @r) = (ref($_[0]), @_); # objectify is costly, so avoid it if ((!ref($_[0])) || (ref($_[0]) ne ref($_[1]))) { ($class, $x, $y, $m, @r) = objectify(3, @_); } # Convert $x, $y, and $m into Math::BigInt objects. my $xint = Math::BigInt -> new($x -> copy() -> bint()); my $yint = Math::BigInt -> new($y -> copy() -> bint()); my $mint = Math::BigInt -> new($m -> copy() -> bint()); $xint -> bmodpow($yint, $mint, @r); my $xtmp = Math::BigRat -> new($xint -> bsstr()); $x -> {sign} = $xtmp -> {sign}; $x -> {_n} = $xtmp -> {_n}; $x -> {_d} = $xtmp -> {_d}; return $x; } sub bmodinv { # set up parameters my ($class, $x, $y, @r) = (ref($_[0]), @_); # objectify is costly, so avoid it if ((!ref($_[0])) || (ref($_[0]) ne ref($_[1]))) { ($class, $x, $y, @r) = objectify(2, @_); } # Convert $x and $y into Math::BigInt objects. my $xint = Math::BigInt -> new($x -> copy() -> bint()); my $yint = Math::BigInt -> new($y -> copy() -> bint()); $xint -> bmodinv($yint, @r); my $xtmp = Math::BigRat -> new($xint -> bsstr()); $x -> {sign} = $xtmp -> {sign}; $x -> {_n} = $xtmp -> {_n}; $x -> {_d} = $xtmp -> {_d}; return $x; } sub bsqrt { my ($class, $x, @r) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]), @_) : objectify(1, @_); return $x->bnan() if $x->{sign} !~ /^[+]/; # NaN, -inf or < 0 return $x if $x->{sign} eq '+inf'; # sqrt(inf) == inf return $x->round(@r) if $x->is_zero() || $x->is_one(); my $n = $x -> {_n}; my $d = $x -> {_d}; # Look for an exact solution. For the numerator and the denominator, take # the square root and square it and see if we got the original value. If we # did, for both the numerator and the denominator, we have an exact # solution. { my $nsqrt = $LIB -> _sqrt($LIB -> _copy($n)); my $n2 = $LIB -> _mul($LIB -> _copy($nsqrt), $nsqrt); if ($LIB -> _acmp($n, $n2) == 0) { my $dsqrt = $LIB -> _sqrt($LIB -> _copy($d)); my $d2 = $LIB -> _mul($LIB -> _copy($dsqrt), $dsqrt); if ($LIB -> _acmp($d, $d2) == 0) { $x -> {_n} = $nsqrt; $x -> {_d} = $dsqrt; return $x->round(@r); } } } local $Math::BigFloat::upgrade = undef; local $Math::BigFloat::downgrade = undef; local $Math::BigFloat::precision = undef; local $Math::BigFloat::accuracy = undef; local $Math::BigInt::upgrade = undef; local $Math::BigInt::precision = undef; local $Math::BigInt::accuracy = undef; my $xn = Math::BigFloat -> new($LIB -> _str($n)); my $xd = Math::BigFloat -> new($LIB -> _str($d)); my $xtmp = Math::BigRat -> new($xn -> bdiv($xd) -> bsqrt() -> bsstr()); $x -> {sign} = $xtmp -> {sign}; $x -> {_n} = $xtmp -> {_n}; $x -> {_d} = $xtmp -> {_d}; $x->round(@r); } sub blsft { my ($class, $x, $y, $b) = objectify(2, @_); $b = 2 if !defined $b; $b = $class -> new($b) unless ref($b) && $b -> isa($class); return $x -> bnan() if $x -> is_nan() || $y -> is_nan() || $b -> is_nan(); # shift by a negative amount? return $x -> brsft($y -> copy() -> babs(), $b) if $y -> {sign} =~ /^-/; $x -> bmul($b -> bpow($y)); } sub brsft { my ($class, $x, $y, $b) = objectify(2, @_); $b = 2 if !defined $b; $b = $class -> new($b) unless ref($b) && $b -> isa($class); return $x -> bnan() if $x -> is_nan() || $y -> is_nan() || $b -> is_nan(); # shift by a negative amount? return $x -> blsft($y -> copy() -> babs(), $b) if $y -> {sign} =~ /^-/; # the following call to bdiv() will return either quotient (scalar context) # or quotient and remainder (list context). $x -> bdiv($b -> bpow($y)); } sub band { my $x = shift; my $xref = ref($x); my $class = $xref || $x; croak 'band() is an instance method, not a class method' unless $xref; croak 'Not enough arguments for band()' if @_ < 1; my $y = shift; $y = $class -> new($y) unless ref($y); my @r = @_; my $xtmp = Math::BigInt -> new($x -> bint()); # to Math::BigInt $xtmp -> band($y); $xtmp = $class -> new($xtmp); # back to Math::BigRat $x -> {sign} = $xtmp -> {sign}; $x -> {_n} = $xtmp -> {_n}; $x -> {_d} = $xtmp -> {_d}; return $x -> round(@r); } sub bior { my $x = shift; my $xref = ref($x); my $class = $xref || $x; croak 'bior() is an instance method, not a class method' unless $xref; croak 'Not enough arguments for bior()' if @_ < 1; my $y = shift; $y = $class -> new($y) unless ref($y); my @r = @_; my $xtmp = Math::BigInt -> new($x -> bint()); # to Math::BigInt $xtmp -> bior($y); $xtmp = $class -> new($xtmp); # back to Math::BigRat $x -> {sign} = $xtmp -> {sign}; $x -> {_n} = $xtmp -> {_n}; $x -> {_d} = $xtmp -> {_d}; return $x -> round(@r); } sub bxor { my $x = shift; my $xref = ref($x); my $class = $xref || $x; croak 'bxor() is an instance method, not a class method' unless $xref; croak 'Not enough arguments for bxor()' if @_ < 1; my $y = shift; $y = $class -> new($y) unless ref($y); my @r = @_; my $xtmp = Math::BigInt -> new($x -> bint()); # to Math::BigInt $xtmp -> bxor($y); $xtmp = $class -> new($xtmp); # back to Math::BigRat $x -> {sign} = $xtmp -> {sign}; $x -> {_n} = $xtmp -> {_n}; $x -> {_d} = $xtmp -> {_d}; return $x -> round(@r); } sub bnot { my $x = shift; my $xref = ref($x); my $class = $xref || $x; croak 'bnot() is an instance method, not a class method' unless $xref; my @r = @_; my $xtmp = Math::BigInt -> new($x -> bint()); # to Math::BigInt $xtmp -> bnot(); $xtmp = $class -> new($xtmp); # back to Math::BigRat $x -> {sign} = $xtmp -> {sign}; $x -> {_n} = $xtmp -> {_n}; $x -> {_d} = $xtmp -> {_d}; return $x -> round(@r); } ############################################################################## # round sub round { my $x = shift; return $downgrade -> new($x) if defined($downgrade) && ($x -> is_int() || $x -> is_inf() || $x -> is_nan()); $x; } sub bround { my $x = shift; return $downgrade -> new($x) if defined($downgrade) && ($x -> is_int() || $x -> is_inf() || $x -> is_nan()); $x; } sub bfround { my $x = shift; return $downgrade -> new($x) if defined($downgrade) && ($x -> is_int() || $x -> is_inf() || $x -> is_nan()); $x; } ############################################################################## # comparing sub bcmp { # compare two signed numbers # set up parameters my ($class, $x, $y) = (ref($_[0]), @_); # objectify is costly, so avoid it if ((!ref($_[0])) || (ref($_[0]) ne ref($_[1]))) { ($class, $x, $y) = objectify(2, @_); } if ($x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/ || $y->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/) { # $x is NaN and/or $y is NaN return if $x->{sign} eq $nan || $y->{sign} eq $nan; # $x and $y are both either +inf or -inf return 0 if $x->{sign} eq $y->{sign} && $x->{sign} =~ /^[+-]inf$/; # $x = +inf and $y < +inf return +1 if $x->{sign} eq '+inf'; # $x = -inf and $y > -inf return -1 if $x->{sign} eq '-inf'; # $x < +inf and $y = +inf return -1 if $y->{sign} eq '+inf'; # $x > -inf and $y = -inf return +1; } # $x >= 0 and $y < 0 return 1 if $x->{sign} eq '+' && $y->{sign} eq '-'; # $x < 0 and $y >= 0 return -1 if $x->{sign} eq '-' && $y->{sign} eq '+'; # At this point, we know that $x and $y have the same sign. # shortcut my $xz = $LIB->_is_zero($x->{_n}); my $yz = $LIB->_is_zero($y->{_n}); return 0 if $xz && $yz; # 0 <=> 0 return -1 if $xz && $y->{sign} eq '+'; # 0 <=> +y return 1 if $yz && $x->{sign} eq '+'; # +x <=> 0 my $t = $LIB->_mul($LIB->_copy($x->{_n}), $y->{_d}); my $u = $LIB->_mul($LIB->_copy($y->{_n}), $x->{_d}); my $cmp = $LIB->_acmp($t, $u); # signs are equal $cmp = -$cmp if $x->{sign} eq '-'; # both are '-' => reverse $cmp; } sub bacmp { # compare two numbers (as unsigned) # set up parameters my ($class, $x, $y) = (ref($_[0]), @_); # objectify is costly, so avoid it if ((!ref($_[0])) || (ref($_[0]) ne ref($_[1]))) { ($class, $x, $y) = objectify(2, @_); } if (($x->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/) || ($y->{sign} !~ /^[+-]$/)) { # handle +-inf and NaN return if (($x->{sign} eq $nan) || ($y->{sign} eq $nan)); return 0 if $x->{sign} =~ /^[+-]inf$/ && $y->{sign} =~ /^[+-]inf$/; return 1 if $x->{sign} =~ /^[+-]inf$/ && $y->{sign} !~ /^[+-]inf$/; return -1; } my $t = $LIB->_mul($LIB->_copy($x->{_n}), $y->{_d}); my $u = $LIB->_mul($LIB->_copy($y->{_n}), $x->{_d}); $LIB->_acmp($t, $u); # ignore signs } sub beq { my $self = shift; my $selfref = ref $self; #my $class = $selfref || $self; croak 'beq() is an instance method, not a class method' unless $selfref; croak 'Wrong number of arguments for beq()' unless @_ == 1; my $cmp = $self -> bcmp(shift); return defined($cmp) && ! $cmp; } sub bne { my $self = shift; my $selfref = ref $self; #my $class = $selfref || $self; croak 'bne() is an instance method, not a class method' unless $selfref; croak 'Wrong number of arguments for bne()' unless @_ == 1; my $cmp = $self -> bcmp(shift); return defined($cmp) && ! $cmp ? '' : 1; } sub blt { my $self = shift; my $selfref = ref $self; #my $class = $selfref || $self; croak 'blt() is an instance method, not a class method' unless $selfref; croak 'Wrong number of arguments for blt()' unless @_ == 1; my $cmp = $self -> bcmp(shift); return defined($cmp) && $cmp < 0; } sub ble { my $self = shift; my $selfref = ref $self; #my $class = $selfref || $self; croak 'ble() is an instance method, not a class method' unless $selfref; croak 'Wrong number of arguments for ble()' unless @_ == 1; my $cmp = $self -> bcmp(shift); return defined($cmp) && $cmp <= 0; } sub bgt { my $self = shift; my $selfref = ref $self; #my $class = $selfref || $self; croak 'bgt() is an instance method, not a class method' unless $selfref; croak 'Wrong number of arguments for bgt()' unless @_ == 1; my $cmp = $self -> bcmp(shift); return defined($cmp) && $cmp > 0; } sub bge { my $self = shift; my $selfref = ref $self; #my $class = $selfref || $self; croak 'bge() is an instance method, not a class method' unless $selfref; croak 'Wrong number of arguments for bge()' unless @_ == 1; my $cmp = $self -> bcmp(shift); return defined($cmp) && $cmp >= 0; } ############################################################################## # output conversion sub numify { # convert 17/8 => float (aka 2.125) my ($self, $x) = ref($_[0]) ? (undef, $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); # Non-finite number. if ($x -> is_nan()) { require Math::Complex; my $inf = $Math::Complex::Inf; return $inf - $inf; } if ($x -> is_inf()) { require Math::Complex; my $inf = $Math::Complex::Inf; return $x -> is_negative() ? -$inf : $inf; } # Finite number. my $abs = $LIB->_is_one($x->{_d}) ? $LIB->_num($x->{_n}) : Math::BigFloat -> new($LIB->_str($x->{_n})) -> bdiv($LIB->_str($x->{_d})) -> bstr(); return $x->{sign} eq '-' ? 0 - $abs : 0 + $abs; } sub as_int { my ($class, $x) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]), @_) : objectify(1, @_); return $x -> copy() if $x -> isa("Math::BigInt"); # disable upgrading and downgrading require Math::BigInt; my $upg = Math::BigInt -> upgrade(); my $dng = Math::BigInt -> downgrade(); Math::BigInt -> upgrade(undef); Math::BigInt -> downgrade(undef); my $y; if ($x -> is_inf()) { $y = Math::BigInt -> binf($x->sign()); } elsif ($x -> is_nan()) { $y = Math::BigInt -> bnan(); } else { my $int = $LIB -> _div($LIB -> _copy($x->{_n}), $x->{_d}); # 22/7 => 3 $y = Math::BigInt -> new($LIB -> _str($int)); $y = $y -> bneg() if $x -> is_neg(); } # reset upgrading and downgrading Math::BigInt -> upgrade($upg); Math::BigInt -> downgrade($dng); return $y; } sub as_float { my ($class, $x, @r) = ref($_[0]) ? (ref($_[0]), @_) : objectify(1, @_); return $x -> copy() if $x -> isa("Math::BigFloat"); # disable upgrading and downgrading require Math::BigFloat; my $upg = Math::BigFloat -> upgrade(); my $dng = Math::BigFloat -> downgrade(); Math::BigFloat -> upgrade(undef); Math::BigFloat -> downgrade(undef); my $y; if ($x -> is_inf()) { $y = Math::BigFloat -> binf($x->sign()); } elsif ($x -> is_nan()) { $y = Math::BigFloat -> bnan(); } else { $y = Math::BigFloat -> new($LIB -> _str($x->{_n})); $y -> {sign} = $x -> {sign}; unless ($LIB -> _is_one($x->{_d})) { my $xd = Math::BigFloat -> new($LIB -> _str($x->{_d})); $y -> bdiv($xd, @r); } } # reset upgrading and downgrading Math::BigFloat -> upgrade($upg); Math::BigFloat -> downgrade($dng); return $y; } sub as_bin { my ($class, $x) = ref($_[0]) ? (undef, $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); return $x unless $x->is_int(); my $s = $x->{sign}; $s = '' if $s eq '+'; $s . $LIB->_as_bin($x->{_n}); } sub as_hex { my ($class, $x) = ref($_[0]) ? (undef, $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); return $x unless $x->is_int(); my $s = $x->{sign}; $s = '' if $s eq '+'; $s . $LIB->_as_hex($x->{_n}); } sub as_oct { my ($class, $x) = ref($_[0]) ? (undef, $_[0]) : objectify(1, @_); return $x unless $x->is_int(); my $s = $x->{sign}; $s = '' if $s eq '+'; $s . $LIB->_as_oct($x->{_n}); } ############################################################################## sub from_hex { my $class = shift; # The relationship should probably go the otherway, i.e, that new() calls # from_hex(). Fixme! my ($x, @r) = @_; $x =~ s|^\s*(?:0?[Xx]_*)?|0x|; $class->new($x, @r); } sub from_bin { my $class = shift; # The relationship should probably go the otherway, i.e, that new() calls # from_bin(). Fixme! my ($x, @r) = @_; $x =~ s|^\s*(?:0?[Bb]_*)?|0b|; $class->new($x, @r); } sub from_oct { my $class = shift; # Why is this different from from_hex() and from_bin()? Fixme! my @parts; for my $c (@_) { push @parts, Math::BigInt->from_oct($c); } $class->new (@parts); } ############################################################################## # import sub import { my $class = shift; my @a; # unrecognized arguments my $lib_param = ''; my $lib_value = ''; while (@_) { my $param = shift; # Enable overloading of constants. if ($param eq ':constant') { overload::constant integer => sub { $class -> new(shift); }, float => sub { $class -> new(shift); }, binary => sub { # E.g., a literal 0377 shall result in an object whose value # is decimal 255, but new("0377") returns decimal 377. return $class -> from_oct($_[0]) if $_[0] =~ /^0_*[0-7]/; $class -> new(shift); }; next; } # Upgrading. if ($param eq 'upgrade') { $class -> upgrade(shift); next; } # Downgrading. if ($param eq 'downgrade') { $class -> downgrade(shift); next; } # Accuracy. if ($param eq 'accuracy') { $class -> accuracy(shift); next; } # Precision. if ($param eq 'precision') { $class -> precision(shift); next; } # Rounding mode. if ($param eq 'round_mode') { $class -> round_mode(shift); next; } # Backend library. if ($param =~ /^(lib|try|only)\z/) { # alternative library $lib_param = $param; # "lib", "try", or "only" $lib_value = shift; next; } if ($param eq 'with') { # alternative class for our private parts() # XXX: no longer supported # $LIB = shift() || 'Calc'; # carp "'with' is no longer supported, use 'lib', 'try', or 'only'"; shift; next; } # Unrecognized parameter. push @a, $param; } require Math::BigInt; my @import = ('objectify'); push @import, $lib_param, $lib_value if $lib_param ne ''; Math::BigInt -> import(@import); # find out which one was actually loaded $LIB = Math::BigInt -> config("lib"); # any non :constant stuff is handled by Exporter (loaded by parent class) # even if @_ is empty, to give it a chance $class->SUPER::import(@a); # for subclasses $class->export_to_level(1, $class, @a); # need this, too } 1; __END__ =pod =head1 NAME Math::BigRat - arbitrary size rational number math package =head1 SYNOPSIS use Math::BigRat; my $x = Math::BigRat->new('3/7'); $x += '5/9'; print $x->bstr(), "\n"; print $x ** 2, "\n"; my $y = Math::BigRat->new('inf'); print "$y ", ($y->is_inf ? 'is' : 'is not'), " infinity\n"; my $z = Math::BigRat->new(144); $z->bsqrt(); =head1 DESCRIPTION Math::BigRat complements Math::BigInt and Math::BigFloat by providing support for arbitrary big rational numbers. =head2 MATH LIBRARY You can change the underlying module that does the low-level math operations by using: use Math::BigRat try => 'GMP'; Note: This needs Math::BigInt::GMP installed. The following would first try to find Math::BigInt::Foo, then Math::BigInt::Bar, and when this also fails, revert to Math::BigInt::Calc: use Math::BigRat try => 'Foo,Math::BigInt::Bar'; If you want to get warned when the fallback occurs, replace "try" with "lib": use Math::BigRat lib => 'Foo,Math::BigInt::Bar'; If you want the code to die instead, replace "try" with "only": use Math::BigRat only => 'Foo,Math::BigInt::Bar'; =head1 METHODS Any methods not listed here are derived from Math::BigFloat (or Math::BigInt), so make sure you check these two modules for further information. =over =item new() $x = Math::BigRat->new('1/3'); Create a new Math::BigRat object. Input can come in various forms: $x = Math::BigRat->new(123); # scalars $x = Math::BigRat->new('inf'); # infinity $x = Math::BigRat->new('123.3'); # float $x = Math::BigRat->new('1/3'); # simple string $x = Math::BigRat->new('1 / 3'); # spaced $x = Math::BigRat->new('1 / 0.1'); # w/ floats $x = Math::BigRat->new(Math::BigInt->new(3)); # BigInt $x = Math::BigRat->new(Math::BigFloat->new('3.1')); # BigFloat $x = Math::BigRat->new(Math::BigInt::Lite->new('2')); # BigLite # You can also give D and N as different objects: $x = Math::BigRat->new( Math::BigInt->new(-123), Math::BigInt->new(7), ); # => -123/7 =item numerator() $n = $x->numerator(); Returns a copy of the numerator (the part above the line) as signed BigInt. =item denominator() $d = $x->denominator(); Returns a copy of the denominator (the part under the line) as positive BigInt. =item parts() ($n, $d) = $x->parts(); Return a list consisting of (signed) numerator and (unsigned) denominator as BigInts. =item dparts() Returns the integer part and the fraction part. =item fparts() Returns the smallest possible numerator and denominator so that the numerator divided by the denominator gives back the original value. For finite numbers, both values are integers. Mnemonic: fraction. =item numify() my $y = $x->numify(); Returns the object as a scalar. This will lose some data if the object cannot be represented by a normal Perl scalar (integer or float), so use L</as_int()> or L</as_float()> instead. This routine is automatically used whenever a scalar is required: my $x = Math::BigRat->new('3/1'); @array = (0, 1, 2, 3); $y = $array[$x]; # set $y to 3 =item as_int() =item as_number() $x = Math::BigRat->new('13/7'); print $x->as_int(), "\n"; # '1' Returns a copy of the object as BigInt, truncated to an integer. C<as_number()> is an alias for C<as_int()>. =item as_float() $x = Math::BigRat->new('13/7'); print $x->as_float(), "\n"; # '1' $x = Math::BigRat->new('2/3'); print $x->as_float(5), "\n"; # '0.66667' Returns a copy of the object as BigFloat, preserving the accuracy as wanted, or the default of 40 digits. This method was added in v0.22 of Math::BigRat (April 2008). =item as_hex() $x = Math::BigRat->new('13'); print $x->as_hex(), "\n"; # '0xd' Returns the BigRat as hexadecimal string. Works only for integers. =item as_bin() $x = Math::BigRat->new('13'); print $x->as_bin(), "\n"; # '0x1101' Returns the BigRat as binary string. Works only for integers. =item as_oct() $x = Math::BigRat->new('13'); print $x->as_oct(), "\n"; # '015' Returns the BigRat as octal string. Works only for integers. =item from_hex() my $h = Math::BigRat->from_hex('0x10'); Create a BigRat from a hexadecimal number in string form. =item from_oct() my $o = Math::BigRat->from_oct('020'); Create a BigRat from an octal number in string form. =item from_bin() my $b = Math::BigRat->from_bin('0b10000000'); Create a BigRat from an binary number in string form. =item bnan() $x = Math::BigRat->bnan(); Creates a new BigRat object representing NaN (Not A Number). If used on an object, it will set it to NaN: $x->bnan(); =item bzero() $x = Math::BigRat->bzero(); Creates a new BigRat object representing zero. If used on an object, it will set it to zero: $x->bzero(); =item binf() $x = Math::BigRat->binf($sign); Creates a new BigRat object representing infinity. The optional argument is either '-' or '+', indicating whether you want infinity or minus infinity. If used on an object, it will set it to infinity: $x->binf(); $x->binf('-'); =item bone() $x = Math::BigRat->bone($sign); Creates a new BigRat object representing one. The optional argument is either '-' or '+', indicating whether you want one or minus one. If used on an object, it will set it to one: $x->bone(); # +1 $x->bone('-'); # -1 =item length() $len = $x->length(); Return the length of $x in digits for integer values. =item digit() print Math::BigRat->new('123/1')->digit(1); # 1 print Math::BigRat->new('123/1')->digit(-1); # 3 Return the N'ths digit from X when X is an integer value. =item bnorm() $x->bnorm(); Reduce the number to the shortest form. This routine is called automatically whenever it is needed. =item bfac() $x->bfac(); Calculates the factorial of $x. For instance: print Math::BigRat->new('3/1')->bfac(), "\n"; # 1*2*3 print Math::BigRat->new('5/1')->bfac(), "\n"; # 1*2*3*4*5 Works currently only for integers. =item bround()/round()/bfround() Are not yet implemented. =item bmod() $x->bmod($y); Returns $x modulo $y. When $x is finite, and $y is finite and non-zero, the result is identical to the remainder after floored division (F-division). If, in addition, both $x and $y are integers, the result is identical to the result from Perl's % operator. =item bmodinv() $x->bmodinv($mod); # modular multiplicative inverse Returns the multiplicative inverse of C<$x> modulo C<$mod>. If $y = $x -> copy() -> bmodinv($mod) then C<$y> is the number closest to zero, and with the same sign as C<$mod>, satisfying ($x * $y) % $mod = 1 % $mod If C<$x> and C<$y> are non-zero, they must be relative primes, i.e., C<bgcd($y, $mod)==1>. 'C<NaN>' is returned when no modular multiplicative inverse exists. =item bmodpow() $num->bmodpow($exp,$mod); # modular exponentiation # ($num**$exp % $mod) Returns the value of C<$num> taken to the power C<$exp> in the modulus C<$mod> using binary exponentiation. C<bmodpow> is far superior to writing $num ** $exp % $mod because it is much faster - it reduces internal variables into the modulus whenever possible, so it operates on smaller numbers. C<bmodpow> also supports negative exponents. bmodpow($num, -1, $mod) is exactly equivalent to bmodinv($num, $mod) =item bneg() $x->bneg(); Used to negate the object in-place. =item is_one() print "$x is 1\n" if $x->is_one(); Return true if $x is exactly one, otherwise false. =item is_zero() print "$x is 0\n" if $x->is_zero(); Return true if $x is exactly zero, otherwise false. =item is_pos()/is_positive() print "$x is >= 0\n" if $x->is_positive(); Return true if $x is positive (greater than or equal to zero), otherwise false. Please note that '+inf' is also positive, while 'NaN' and '-inf' aren't. C<is_positive()> is an alias for C<is_pos()>. =item is_neg()/is_negative() print "$x is < 0\n" if $x->is_negative(); Return true if $x is negative (smaller than zero), otherwise false. Please note that '-inf' is also negative, while 'NaN' and '+inf' aren't. C<is_negative()> is an alias for C<is_neg()>. =item is_int() print "$x is an integer\n" if $x->is_int(); Return true if $x has a denominator of 1 (e.g. no fraction parts), otherwise false. Please note that '-inf', 'inf' and 'NaN' aren't integer. =item is_odd() print "$x is odd\n" if $x->is_odd(); Return true if $x is odd, otherwise false. =item is_even() print "$x is even\n" if $x->is_even(); Return true if $x is even, otherwise false. =item bceil() $x->bceil(); Set $x to the next bigger integer value (e.g. truncate the number to integer and then increment it by one). =item bfloor() $x->bfloor(); Truncate $x to an integer value. =item bint() $x->bint(); Round $x towards zero. =item bsqrt() $x->bsqrt(); Calculate the square root of $x. =item broot() $x->broot($n); Calculate the N'th root of $x. =item badd() $x->badd($y); Adds $y to $x and returns the result. =item bmul() $x->bmul($y); Multiplies $y to $x and returns the result. =item bsub() $x->bsub($y); Subtracts $y from $x and returns the result. =item bdiv() $q = $x->bdiv($y); ($q, $r) = $x->bdiv($y); In scalar context, divides $x by $y and returns the result. In list context, does floored division (F-division), returning an integer $q and a remainder $r so that $x = $q * $y + $r. The remainer (modulo) is equal to what is returned by C<< $x->bmod($y) >>. =item binv() $x->binv(); Inverse of $x. =item bdec() $x->bdec(); Decrements $x by 1 and returns the result. =item binc() $x->binc(); Increments $x by 1 and returns the result. =item copy() my $z = $x->copy(); Makes a deep copy of the object. Please see the documentation in L<Math::BigInt> for further details. =item bstr()/bsstr() my $x = Math::BigRat->new('8/4'); print $x->bstr(), "\n"; # prints 1/2 print $x->bsstr(), "\n"; # prints 1/2 Return a string representing this object. =item bcmp() $x->bcmp($y); Compares $x with $y and takes the sign into account. Returns -1, 0, 1 or undef. =item bacmp() $x->bacmp($y); Compares $x with $y while ignoring their sign. Returns -1, 0, 1 or undef. =item beq() $x -> beq($y); Returns true if and only if $x is equal to $y, and false otherwise. =item bne() $x -> bne($y); Returns true if and only if $x is not equal to $y, and false otherwise. =item blt() $x -> blt($y); Returns true if and only if $x is equal to $y, and false otherwise. =item ble() $x -> ble($y); Returns true if and only if $x is less than or equal to $y, and false otherwise. =item bgt() $x -> bgt($y); Returns true if and only if $x is greater than $y, and false otherwise. =item bge() $x -> bge($y); Returns true if and only if $x is greater than or equal to $y, and false otherwise. =item blsft()/brsft() Used to shift numbers left/right. Please see the documentation in L<Math::BigInt> for further details. =item band() $x->band($y); # bitwise and =item bior() $x->bior($y); # bitwise inclusive or =item bxor() $x->bxor($y); # bitwise exclusive or =item bnot() $x->bnot(); # bitwise not (two's complement) =item bpow() $x->bpow($y); Compute $x ** $y. Please see the documentation in L<Math::BigInt> for further details. =item blog() $x->blog($base, $accuracy); # logarithm of x to the base $base If C<$base> is not defined, Euler's number (e) is used: print $x->blog(undef, 100); # log(x) to 100 digits =item bexp() $x->bexp($accuracy); # calculate e ** X Calculates two integers A and B so that A/B is equal to C<e ** $x>, where C<e> is Euler's number. This method was added in v0.20 of Math::BigRat (May 2007). See also C<blog()>. =item bnok() $x->bnok($y); # x over y (binomial coefficient n over k) Calculates the binomial coefficient n over k, also called the "choose" function. The result is equivalent to: ( n ) n! | - | = ------- ( k ) k!(n-k)! This method was added in v0.20 of Math::BigRat (May 2007). =item config() Math::BigRat->config("trap_nan" => 1); # set $accu = Math::BigRat->config("accuracy"); # get Set or get configuration parameter values. Read-only parameters are marked as RO. Read-write parameters are marked as RW. The following parameters are supported. Parameter RO/RW Description Example ============================================================ lib RO Name of the math backend library Math::BigInt::Calc lib_version RO Version of the math backend library 0.30 class RO The class of config you just called Math::BigRat version RO version number of the class you used 0.10 upgrade RW To which class numbers are upgraded undef downgrade RW To which class numbers are downgraded undef precision RW Global precision undef accuracy RW Global accuracy undef round_mode RW Global round mode even div_scale RW Fallback accuracy for div, sqrt etc. 40 trap_nan RW Trap NaNs undef trap_inf RW Trap +inf/-inf undef =back =head1 NUMERIC LITERALS After C<use Math::BigRat ':constant'> all numeric literals in the given scope are converted to C<Math::BigRat> objects. This conversion happens at compile time. Every non-integer is convert to a NaN. For example, perl -MMath::BigRat=:constant -le 'print 2**150' prints the exact value of C<2**150>. Note that without conversion of constants to objects the expression C<2**150> is calculated using Perl scalars, which leads to an inaccurate result. Please note that strings are not affected, so that use Math::BigRat qw/:constant/; $x = "1234567890123456789012345678901234567890" + "123456789123456789"; does give you what you expect. You need an explicit Math::BigRat->new() around at least one of the operands. You should also quote large constants to prevent loss of precision: use Math::BigRat; $x = Math::BigRat->new("1234567889123456789123456789123456789"); Without the quotes Perl first converts the large number to a floating point constant at compile time, and then converts the result to a Math::BigRat object at run time, which results in an inaccurate result. =head2 Hexadecimal, octal, and binary floating point literals Perl (and this module) accepts hexadecimal, octal, and binary floating point literals, but use them with care with Perl versions before v5.32.0, because some versions of Perl silently give the wrong result. Below are some examples of different ways to write the number decimal 314. Hexadecimal floating point literals: 0x1.3ap+8 0X1.3AP+8 0x1.3ap8 0X1.3AP8 0x13a0p-4 0X13A0P-4 Octal floating point literals (with "0" prefix): 01.164p+8 01.164P+8 01.164p8 01.164P8 011640p-4 011640P-4 Octal floating point literals (with "0o" prefix) (requires v5.34.0): 0o1.164p+8 0O1.164P+8 0o1.164p8 0O1.164P8 0o11640p-4 0O11640P-4 Binary floating point literals: 0b1.0011101p+8 0B1.0011101P+8 0b1.0011101p8 0B1.0011101P8 0b10011101000p-2 0B10011101000P-2 =head1 BUGS Please report any bugs or feature requests to C<bug-math-bigrat at rt.cpan.org>, or through the web interface at L<https://rt.cpan.org/Ticket/Create.html?Queue=Math-BigRat> (requires login). We will be notified, and then you'll automatically be notified of progress on your bug as I make changes. =head1 SUPPORT You can find documentation for this module with the perldoc command. perldoc Math::BigRat You can also look for information at: =over 4 =item * GitHub L<https://github.com/pjacklam/p5-Math-BigRat> =item * RT: CPAN's request tracker L<https://rt.cpan.org/Dist/Display.html?Name=Math-BigRat> =item * MetaCPAN L<https://metacpan.org/release/Math-BigRat> =item * CPAN Testers Matrix L<http://matrix.cpantesters.org/?dist=Math-BigRat> =item * CPAN Ratings L<https://cpanratings.perl.org/dist/Math-BigRat> =back =head1 LICENSE This program is free software; you may redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself. =head1 SEE ALSO L<bigrat>, L<Math::BigFloat> and L<Math::BigInt> as well as the backends L<Math::BigInt::FastCalc>, L<Math::BigInt::GMP>, and L<Math::BigInt::Pari>. =head1 AUTHORS =over 4 =item * Tels L<http://bloodgate.com/> 2001-2009. =item * Maintained by Peter John Acklam <pjacklam@gmail.com> 2011- =back =cut