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.\" -*- mode: troff; coding: utf-8 -*- .\" Automatically generated by Pod::Man 5.01 (Pod::Simple 3.43) .\" .\" Standard preamble: .\" ======================================================================== .de Sp \" Vertical space (when we can't use .PP) .if t .sp .5v .if n .sp .. .de Vb \" Begin verbatim text .ft CW .nf .ne \\$1 .. .de Ve \" End verbatim text .ft R .fi .. .\" \*(C` and \*(C' are quotes in nroff, nothing in troff, for use with C<>. .ie n \{\ . ds C` "" . ds C' "" 'br\} .el\{\ . ds C` . ds C' 'br\} .\" .\" Escape single quotes in literal strings from groff's Unicode transform. .ie \n(.g .ds Aq \(aq .el .ds Aq ' .\" .\" If the F register is >0, we'll generate index entries on stderr for .\" titles (.TH), headers (.SH), subsections (.SS), items (.Ip), and index .\" entries marked with X<> in POD. Of course, you'll have to process the .\" output yourself in some meaningful fashion. .\" .\" Avoid warning from groff about undefined register 'F'. .de IX .. .nr rF 0 .if \n(.g .if rF .nr rF 1 .if (\n(rF:(\n(.g==0)) \{\ . if \nF \{\ . de IX . tm Index:\\$1\t\\n%\t"\\$2" .. . if !\nF==2 \{\ . nr % 0 . nr F 2 . \} . \} .\} .rr rF .\" ======================================================================== .\" .IX Title "DynaLoader 3" .TH DynaLoader 3 2025-02-14 "perl v5.38.0" "Perl Programmers Reference Guide" .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. .if n .ad l .nh .SH NAME DynaLoader \- Dynamically load C libraries into Perl code .SH SYNOPSIS .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" .Vb 4 \& package YourPackage; \& require DynaLoader; \& @ISA = qw(... DynaLoader ...); \& _\|_PACKAGE_\|_\->bootstrap; \& \& # optional method for \*(Aqglobal\*(Aq loading \& sub dl_load_flags { 0x01 } .Ve .SH DESCRIPTION .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" This document defines a standard generic interface to the dynamic linking mechanisms available on many platforms. Its primary purpose is to implement automatic dynamic loading of Perl modules. .PP This document serves as both a specification for anyone wishing to implement the DynaLoader for a new platform and as a guide for anyone wishing to use the DynaLoader directly in an application. .PP The DynaLoader is designed to be a very simple high-level interface that is sufficiently general to cover the requirements of SunOS, HP-UX, Linux, VMS and other platforms. .PP It is also hoped that the interface will cover the needs of OS/2, NT etc and also allow pseudo-dynamic linking (using \f(CW\*(C`ld \-A\*(C'\fR at runtime). .PP It must be stressed that the DynaLoader, by itself, is practically useless for accessing non-Perl libraries because it provides almost no Perl-to-C 'glue'. There is, for example, no mechanism for calling a C library function or supplying arguments. A C::DynaLib module is available from CPAN sites which performs that function for some common system types. And since the year 2000, there's also Inline::C, a module that allows you to write Perl subroutines in C. Also available from your local CPAN site. .PP DynaLoader Interface Summary .PP .Vb 10 \& @dl_library_path \& @dl_resolve_using \& @dl_require_symbols \& $dl_debug \& $dl_dlext \& @dl_librefs \& @dl_modules \& @dl_shared_objects \& Implemented in: \& bootstrap($modulename) Perl \& @filepaths = dl_findfile(@names) Perl \& $flags = $modulename\->dl_load_flags Perl \& $symref = dl_find_symbol_anywhere($symbol) Perl \& \& $libref = dl_load_file($filename, $flags) C \& $status = dl_unload_file($libref) C \& $symref = dl_find_symbol($libref, $symbol) C \& @symbols = dl_undef_symbols() C \& dl_install_xsub($name, $symref [, $filename]) C \& $message = dl_error C .Ve .ie n .IP @dl_library_path 4 .el .IP \f(CW@dl_library_path\fR 4 .IX Item "@dl_library_path" The standard/default list of directories in which \fBdl_findfile()\fR will search for libraries etc. Directories are searched in order: \&\f(CW$dl_library_path\fR[0], [1], ... etc .Sp \&\f(CW@dl_library_path\fR is initialised to hold the list of 'normal' directories (\fI/usr/lib\fR, etc) determined by \fBConfigure\fR (\f(CW$Config{\*(Aqlibpth\*(Aq}\fR). This should ensure portability across a wide range of platforms. .Sp \&\f(CW@dl_library_path\fR should also be initialised with any other directories that can be determined from the environment at runtime (such as LD_LIBRARY_PATH for SunOS). .Sp After initialisation \f(CW@dl_library_path\fR can be manipulated by an application using push and unshift before calling \fBdl_findfile()\fR. Unshift can be used to add directories to the front of the search order either to save search time or to override libraries with the same name in the 'normal' directories. .Sp The load function that \fBdl_load_file()\fR calls may require an absolute pathname. The \fBdl_findfile()\fR function and \f(CW@dl_library_path\fR can be used to search for and return the absolute pathname for the library/object that you wish to load. .ie n .IP @dl_resolve_using 4 .el .IP \f(CW@dl_resolve_using\fR 4 .IX Item "@dl_resolve_using" A list of additional libraries or other shared objects which can be used to resolve any undefined symbols that might be generated by a later call to \fBload_file()\fR. .Sp This is only required on some platforms which do not handle dependent libraries automatically. For example the Socket Perl extension library (\fIauto/Socket/Socket.so\fR) contains references to many socket functions which need to be resolved when it's loaded. Most platforms will automatically know where to find the 'dependent' library (e.g., \&\fI/usr/lib/libsocket.so\fR). A few platforms need to be told the location of the dependent library explicitly. Use \f(CW@dl_resolve_using\fR for this. .Sp Example usage: .Sp .Vb 1 \& @dl_resolve_using = dl_findfile(\*(Aq\-lsocket\*(Aq); .Ve .ie n .IP @dl_require_symbols 4 .el .IP \f(CW@dl_require_symbols\fR 4 .IX Item "@dl_require_symbols" A list of one or more symbol names that are in the library/object file to be dynamically loaded. This is only required on some platforms. .ie n .IP @dl_librefs 4 .el .IP \f(CW@dl_librefs\fR 4 .IX Item "@dl_librefs" An array of the handles returned by successful calls to \fBdl_load_file()\fR, made by bootstrap, in the order in which they were loaded. Can be used with \fBdl_find_symbol()\fR to look for a symbol in any of the loaded files. .ie n .IP @dl_modules 4 .el .IP \f(CW@dl_modules\fR 4 .IX Item "@dl_modules" An array of module (package) names that have been bootstrap'ed. .ie n .IP @dl_shared_objects 4 .el .IP \f(CW@dl_shared_objects\fR 4 .IX Item "@dl_shared_objects" An array of file names for the shared objects that were loaded. .IP \fBdl_error()\fR 4 .IX Item "dl_error()" Syntax: .Sp .Vb 1 \& $message = dl_error(); .Ve .Sp Error message text from the last failed DynaLoader function. Note that, similar to errno in unix, a successful function call does not reset this message. .Sp Implementations should detect the error as soon as it occurs in any of the other functions and save the corresponding message for later retrieval. This will avoid problems on some platforms (such as SunOS) where the error message is very temporary (e.g., \fBdlerror()\fR). .ie n .IP $dl_debug 4 .el .IP \f(CW$dl_debug\fR 4 .IX Item "$dl_debug" Internal debugging messages are enabled when \f(CW$dl_debug\fR is set true. Currently setting \f(CW$dl_debug\fR only affects the Perl side of the DynaLoader. These messages should help an application developer to resolve any DynaLoader usage problems. .Sp \&\f(CW$dl_debug\fR is set to \f(CW$ENV{\*(AqPERL_DL_DEBUG\*(Aq}\fR if defined. .Sp For the DynaLoader developer/porter there is a similar debugging variable added to the C code (see dlutils.c) and enabled if Perl was built with the \fB\-DDEBUGGING\fR flag. This can also be set via the PERL_DL_DEBUG environment variable. Set to 1 for minimal information or higher for more. .ie n .IP $dl_dlext 4 .el .IP \f(CW$dl_dlext\fR 4 .IX Item "$dl_dlext" When specified (localised) in a module's \fI.pm\fR file, indicates the extension which the module's loadable object will have. For example: .Sp .Vb 1 \& local $DynaLoader::dl_dlext = \*(Aqunusual_ext\*(Aq; .Ve .Sp would indicate that the module's loadable object has an extension of \&\f(CW\*(C`unusual_ext\*(C'\fR instead of the more usual \f(CW$Config{dlext}\fR. NOTE: This also requires that the module's \fIMakefile.PL\fR specify (in \f(CWWriteMakefile()\fR): .Sp .Vb 1 \& DLEXT => \*(Aqunusual_ext\*(Aq, .Ve .IP \fBdl_findfile()\fR 4 .IX Item "dl_findfile()" Syntax: .Sp .Vb 1 \& @filepaths = dl_findfile(@names) .Ve .Sp Determine the full paths (including file suffix) of one or more loadable files given their generic names and optionally one or more directories. Searches directories in \f(CW@dl_library_path\fR by default and returns an empty list if no files were found. .Sp Names can be specified in a variety of platform independent forms. Any names in the form \fB\-lname\fR are converted into \fIlibname.*\fR, where \fI.*\fR is an appropriate suffix for the platform. .Sp If a name does not already have a suitable prefix and/or suffix then the corresponding file will be searched for by trying combinations of prefix and suffix appropriate to the platform: "$name.o", "lib$name.*" and "$name". .Sp If any directories are included in \f(CW@names\fR they are searched before \&\f(CW@dl_library_path\fR. Directories may be specified as \fB\-Ldir\fR. Any other names are treated as filenames to be searched for. .Sp Using arguments of the form \f(CW\*(C`\-Ldir\*(C'\fR and \f(CW\*(C`\-lname\*(C'\fR is recommended. .Sp Example: .Sp .Vb 1 \& @dl_resolve_using = dl_findfile(qw(\-L/usr/5lib \-lposix)); .Ve .IP \fBdl_expandspec()\fR 4 .IX Item "dl_expandspec()" Syntax: .Sp .Vb 1 \& $filepath = dl_expandspec($spec) .Ve .Sp Some unusual systems, such as VMS, require special filename handling in order to deal with symbolic names for files (i.e., VMS's Logical Names). .Sp To support these systems a \fBdl_expandspec()\fR function can be implemented either in the \fIdl_*.xs\fR file or code can be added to the \fBdl_expandspec()\fR function in \fIDynaLoader.pm\fR. See \fIDynaLoader_pm.PL\fR for more information. .IP \fBdl_load_file()\fR 4 .IX Item "dl_load_file()" Syntax: .Sp .Vb 1 \& $libref = dl_load_file($filename, $flags) .Ve .Sp Dynamically load \f(CW$filename\fR, which must be the path to a shared object or library. An opaque 'library reference' is returned as a handle for the loaded object. Returns undef on error. .Sp The \f(CW$flags\fR argument to alters dl_load_file behaviour. Assigned bits: .Sp .Vb 3 \& 0x01 make symbols available for linking later dl_load_file\*(Aqs. \& (only known to work on Solaris 2 using dlopen(RTLD_GLOBAL)) \& (ignored under VMS; this is a normal part of image linking) .Ve .Sp (On systems that provide a handle for the loaded object such as SunOS and HPUX, \f(CW$libref\fR will be that handle. On other systems \f(CW$libref\fR will typically be \f(CW$filename\fR or a pointer to a buffer containing \f(CW$filename\fR. The application should not examine or alter \f(CW$libref\fR in any way.) .Sp This is the function that does the real work. It should use the current values of \f(CW@dl_require_symbols\fR and \f(CW@dl_resolve_using\fR if required. .Sp .Vb 4 \& SunOS: dlopen($filename) \& HP\-UX: shl_load($filename) \& Linux: dld_create_reference(@dl_require_symbols); dld_link($filename) \& VMS: lib$find_image_symbol($filename,$dl_require_symbols[0]) .Ve .Sp (The \fBdlopen()\fR function is also used by Solaris and some versions of Linux, and is a common choice when providing a "wrapper" on other mechanisms as is done in the OS/2 port.) .IP \fBdl_unload_file()\fR 4 .IX Item "dl_unload_file()" Syntax: .Sp .Vb 1 \& $status = dl_unload_file($libref) .Ve .Sp Dynamically unload \f(CW$libref\fR, which must be an opaque 'library reference' as returned from dl_load_file. Returns one on success and zero on failure. This function is optional and may not necessarily be provided on all platforms. .Sp If it is defined and perl is compiled with the C macro \f(CW\*(C`DL_UNLOAD_ALL_AT_EXIT\*(C'\fR defined, then it is called automatically when the interpreter exits for every shared object or library loaded by DynaLoader::bootstrap. All such library references are stored in \f(CW@dl_librefs\fR by DynaLoader::Bootstrap as it loads the libraries. The files are unloaded in last-in, first-out order. .Sp This unloading is usually necessary when embedding a shared-object perl (e.g. one configured with \-Duseshrplib) within a larger application, and the perl interpreter is created and destroyed several times within the lifetime of the application. In this case it is possible that the system dynamic linker will unload and then subsequently reload the shared libperl without relocating any references to it from any files DynaLoaded by the previous incarnation of the interpreter. As a result, any shared objects opened by DynaLoader may point to a now invalid 'ghost' of the libperl shared object, causing apparently random memory corruption and crashes. This behaviour is most commonly seen when using Apache and mod_perl built with the APXS mechanism. .Sp .Vb 4 \& SunOS: dlclose($libref) \& HP\-UX: ??? \& Linux: ??? \& VMS: ??? .Ve .Sp (The \fBdlclose()\fR function is also used by Solaris and some versions of Linux, and is a common choice when providing a "wrapper" on other mechanisms as is done in the OS/2 port.) .IP \fBdl_load_flags()\fR 4 .IX Item "dl_load_flags()" Syntax: .Sp .Vb 1 \& $flags = dl_load_flags $modulename; .Ve .Sp Designed to be a method call, and to be overridden by a derived class (i.e. a class which has DynaLoader in its \f(CW@ISA\fR). The definition in DynaLoader itself returns 0, which produces standard behavior from \&\fBdl_load_file()\fR. .IP \fBdl_find_symbol()\fR 4 .IX Item "dl_find_symbol()" Syntax: .Sp .Vb 1 \& $symref = dl_find_symbol($libref, $symbol) .Ve .Sp Return the address of the symbol \f(CW$symbol\fR or \f(CW\*(C`undef\*(C'\fR if not found. If the target system has separate functions to search for symbols of different types then \fBdl_find_symbol()\fR should search for function symbols first and then other types. .Sp The exact manner in which the address is returned in \f(CW$symref\fR is not currently defined. The only initial requirement is that \f(CW$symref\fR can be passed to, and understood by, \fBdl_install_xsub()\fR. .Sp .Vb 4 \& SunOS: dlsym($libref, $symbol) \& HP\-UX: shl_findsym($libref, $symbol) \& Linux: dld_get_func($symbol) and/or dld_get_symbol($symbol) \& VMS: lib$find_image_symbol($libref,$symbol) .Ve .IP \fBdl_find_symbol_anywhere()\fR 4 .IX Item "dl_find_symbol_anywhere()" Syntax: .Sp .Vb 1 \& $symref = dl_find_symbol_anywhere($symbol) .Ve .Sp Applies \fBdl_find_symbol()\fR to the members of \f(CW@dl_librefs\fR and returns the first match found. .IP \fBdl_undef_symbols()\fR 4 .IX Item "dl_undef_symbols()" Example .Sp .Vb 1 \& @symbols = dl_undef_symbols() .Ve .Sp Return a list of symbol names which remain undefined after \fBload_file()\fR. Returns \f(CW\*(C`()\*(C'\fR if not known. Don't worry if your platform does not provide a mechanism for this. Most do not need it and hence do not provide it, they just return an empty list. .IP \fBdl_install_xsub()\fR 4 .IX Item "dl_install_xsub()" Syntax: .Sp .Vb 1 \& dl_install_xsub($perl_name, $symref [, $filename]) .Ve .Sp Create a new Perl external subroutine named \f(CW$perl_name\fR using \f(CW$symref\fR as a pointer to the function which implements the routine. This is simply a direct call to \fBnewXS()\fR/\fBnewXS_flags()\fR. Returns a reference to the installed function. .Sp The \f(CW$filename\fR parameter is used by Perl to identify the source file for the function if required by \fBdie()\fR, \fBcaller()\fR or the debugger. If \&\f(CW$filename\fR is not defined then "DynaLoader" will be used. .IP \fBbootstrap()\fR 4 .IX Item "bootstrap()" Syntax: .Sp bootstrap($module [...]) .Sp This is the normal entry point for automatic dynamic loading in Perl. .Sp It performs the following actions: .RS 4 .IP \(bu 8 locates an auto/$module directory by searching \f(CW@INC\fR .IP \(bu 8 uses \fBdl_findfile()\fR to determine the filename to load .IP \(bu 8 sets \f(CW@dl_require_symbols\fR to \f(CW\*(C`("boot_$module")\*(C'\fR .IP \(bu 8 executes an \fIauto/$module/$module.bs\fR file if it exists (typically used to add to \f(CW@dl_resolve_using\fR any files which are required to load the module on the current platform) .IP \(bu 8 calls \fBdl_load_flags()\fR to determine how to load the file. .IP \(bu 8 calls \fBdl_load_file()\fR to load the file .IP \(bu 8 calls \fBdl_undef_symbols()\fR and warns if any symbols are undefined .IP \(bu 8 calls \fBdl_find_symbol()\fR for "boot_$module" .IP \(bu 8 calls \fBdl_install_xsub()\fR to install it as "${module}::bootstrap" .IP \(bu 8 calls &{"${module}::bootstrap"} to bootstrap the module (actually it uses the function reference returned by dl_install_xsub for speed) .RE .RS 4 .Sp All arguments to \fBbootstrap()\fR are passed to the module's bootstrap function. The default code generated by \fIxsubpp\fR expects \f(CW$module\fR [, \f(CW$version\fR] If the optional \f(CW$version\fR argument is not given, it defaults to \&\f(CW\*(C`$XS_VERSION // $VERSION\*(C'\fR in the module's symbol table. The default code compares the Perl-space version with the version of the compiled XS code, and croaks with an error if they do not match. .RE .SH AUTHOR .IX Header "AUTHOR" Tim Bunce, 11 August 1994. .PP This interface is based on the work and comments of (in no particular order): Larry Wall, Robert Sanders, Dean Roehrich, Jeff Okamoto, Anno Siegel, Thomas Neumann, Paul Marquess, Charles Bailey, myself and others. .PP Larry Wall designed the elegant inherited bootstrap mechanism and implemented the first Perl 5 dynamic loader using it. .PP Solaris global loading added by Nick Ing-Simmons with design/coding assistance from Tim Bunce, January 1996.